Introduction: This paper examines resilient cultural practices, informed by cultural values for cognitive development in socialisation during childhood within the learning pathways model. It argues that the active role of children in their learning is not well captured or explained by theories or even empirical data. Learning pathways as a model in this paper is significant because it orients thinking on the fact that all activities children engage in always have social, psychological, and physical implications for cognitive enrichment. The activities are driven by resilient cultural practices informed by cultural norms, beliefs, and values such as responsible leadership qualities and cultivating socio-emotional and moral balance. With the above reasoning, this paper is underpinned by an empirical study with six specific objectives supported by Mediated Mutual Reciprocity theory.Methods: The study used a mixed research design and conveniently selected a sample of 73 parents and teachers whose ages ranged from 25-50 years. A questionnaire and an interview guide were used for data collection. The three-sections questionnaire was constructed to find out information about resilient cultural practices and cognitive development. The items in sections two and three were rated on a 5 points Likert scale based on the occurrence of practices and behaviours. The interview guide was constructed to find out information on the three learning pathways; physical, social and psychological that are relevant to children in African cultures. Data were analysed using frequency and proportions and Multiple Regression Analysis to aggregate scores for given conceptual components. Analysis of qualitative data followed the systematic process of thematic and content analysis.Results: Based on qualitative findings, it was realised that African children are exposed to physical, social, and psychological pathways to learning. Quantitative results showed that 85.5% of respondents are high in their resilient cultural practices whereas 14.5% of them are low in resilient cultural practices. In the same line, 74.4% of respondents’ cognitive development is high while a proportion of 25.6% is low. The inferential statistics showed that resilient cultural practices are significantly predictive of cognitive processes, reasoning, skills, and strategies at a 0.000 level of significance.Discussion: Based on the use of the principles of the Mediated Mutual Reciprocal Theory, the study affirms the importance of children’s contributory role in their learning and cognitive development. The link between pathways, resilient cultural practices, and cognitive development highlights the significance of children’s involvement in their development through participation.

Employee recognition, an incentive method widely used in management practice, plays an important role in the organization. Although extant studies have confirmed its effectiveness, little attention has been paid to its spillover effect. Based on the Social Cognitive Theory and Affective Events Theory, this study argues that employee recognition encounter can trigger cognitive and behavioral reactions. Through perceived organizational justice and workplace wellbeing, a chain-mediating effect connects witnessing employee recognition to work engagement. This research adopts the empirical research method by asking the participants to do the weekly survey (four times in 1 month), and 258 samples are collected. Using SPSS20.0 and its PROCESS macro module, hypotheses are tested. The results indicate (1) employees who witness leaders’ recognition of colleagues will (a) perceive higher organizational justice and (b) be more engaged in work. (2) Perceived organizational justice will mediate the positive relationship between employee recognition encounters with (a) workplace wellbeing and (b) work engagement. (3) Perceived organizational justice and workplace wellbeing will have a chain-mediating effect in the path of employee recognition encounter and work engagement. The results provide both practical and theoretical contribution to employee recognition.

Introduction: While research has found a link between ToM and prosociality in terms of caring and helping others which may also vary across cultures, the moderating role of spirituality and culture of this association in emerging adolescence has received little attention.Methods: The current study empirically “examined” the role of spirituality and gender in relation to ToM and prosocial behavior in Canadian and Iranian emerging adolescents. A total of 300 (153 girls) emerging adolescents (M = 11.502, SD = 2.228) were recruited from Montreal, Canada and Karaj, Iran. A series of double moderation analysis and ANOVA was conducted.Results and discussion: Results indicated the difference between direct and indirect influences of ToM and its interactions with culture, gender, and spirituality on prosocial behavior. This implies an emerging complex framework which suggests the dynamic nonlinear interactions between these factors. Implications for youth’s social-emotional understanding will be discussed.

We aimed to identify different, both balanced and imbalanced, effort–reward profiles and their relations to several indicators of employee well-being (work engagement, job satisfaction, job boredom, and burnout), mental health (positive functioning, life satisfaction, anxiety, and depression symptoms), and job attitudes (organizational identification and turnover intention). We examined data drawn randomly from Finnish population (n = 1,357) of young adults (23–34 years of age) collected in the summer of 2021 with quantitative methods. Latent profile analysis revealed three emerging groups in the data characterized by different combinations of efforts and rewards: underbenefitting (16%, high effort/low reward), overbenefitting (34%, low effort/high reward), and balanced employees (50%, same levels of efforts and rewards). Underbenefitting employees reported poorest employee well-being and mental health, and more negative job attitudes. In general, balanced employees fared slightly better than overbenefitting employees. Balanced employees experienced higher work engagement, life satisfaction, and less depression symptoms. The findings highlight the importance of balancing work efforts with sufficient rewards so that neither outweighs the other. This study suggests that the current effort–reward model would benefit from conceptualizing the previously ignored perspective of overbenefitting state and from considering professional development as one of the essential rewards at work.

Introduction: University students constantly face a number of health challenges related to an unhealthy diet, characterized by a high intake of saturated fats.Objective: This study aimed to analyze the psychometric properties of the Spanish version of the Block Fat Screener (BFS-E) food frequency questionnaire in a university population.Methods: An observational analytical study of instrumental type was carried out in 5608 Peruvian university students. Based on the Block Fat Screener questionnaire, a back-translation and cultural adaptation process was carried out. The validity of the questionnaire was determined through exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), hypothesizing a unidimensional structure. For the determination of reliability, the alpha coefficients were considered; likewise, the ω and H coefficients were used to evaluate the construct. The model explained 63% of the cumulative variance.Results: The CFA confirmed the unidimensionality of the 16-item questionnaire with appropriate goodness-of-fit indicators; therefore, which model of the Peruvian version adequately fits the observed data. The values of the reliability coefficients were higher than 0.90, with ordinal α = 0.94, ω = 0.94, and H = 0.95.Conclusion: The Spanish version of the Block Fat Screener food frequency questionnaire presents adequate psychometric properties and is therefore a valid scale to quickly measure fat intake in university students in a Latin American context.

Objective: This study aimed to compare the effects of robot-assisted thoracic surgery (RATS), video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS), and thoracotomy on the psychological status, medical coping mode, and quality of life of patients with lung cancer.Methods: A total of 158 patients with lung cancer were selected from the thoracic surgery center of a third-grade hospital in Hunan Province, China, from September to November 2020. The Self-Rating Anxiety Scale (SAS), Self-Rating Depression Scale (SDS), Medical Coping Modes Questionnaire (MCMQ), and Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) 36-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) were used to assess the effects of the surgical approaches on the study parameters before and 48–96 h after surgery. The t-test and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data.Results: The results revealed that the patients’ depression increased, their short-term quality of life decreased, and they tended to adopt a positive coping mode after surgery (p < 0.05). The RATS and VATS groups differed in avoidance dimension of medical coping modes (p < 0.05). The VATS and thoracotomy groups differed in the body pain dimension of quality of life (p < 0.05). Different surgical approaches had no effect on the psychological status, medical coping modes except the avoidance dimension, and quality of life except the body pain dimension.Conclusion: Surgical approaches have little effect on the psychological status, medical coping modes, and quality of life of patients with lung cancer; however, their depression increased and quality of life decreased after the surgery.

Seeking and understanding patients’ values and preferences is one of the essential elements in shared decision making, which is associated with treatment adherence in psychiatry. However, negotiating treatment in psychiatric contexts can be challenging with patients whose ability to evaluate treatment recommendations rationally may be impaired. This article attempts to examine a conversational practice that psychiatrists use to deal with patients’ views and perspectives by formulating what the patients have said related to treatment. Taking the naturally occurring, face-to-face outpatient psychiatric consultations as the data, the present study uses conversation analysis (CA) as a method to demonstrate in a fine-grained detail what functions formulations of patients’ perspectives serve in psychiatric contexts. We found that by eliciting patients’ views and perspectives toward treatment, this type of formulation is not only used to achieve mutual understanding and establish the grounds for treatment decisions, but may also be used to challenge the legitimacy of patients’ position, steering treatment decision to the direction preferred by the psychiatrists. We argue that in the process of treatment decision making, psychiatrists do not simply impose their perspectives upon the patients, instead, they attempt to achieve consensus with patients by balancing their institutional authority and orientation to the patients’ perspectives. Data are in Chinese with English translation.

One of the dominant cultural frames for psychedelics in western culture over last 130 years has been evolutionary spirituality. This tradition suggests human evolution is not finished and can be guided towards the creation of higher beings through such techniques as psychedelics and eugenics or genetic modification. But is everyone evolving into a new species, or just an elite? This essay defines the tradition of evolutionary spirituality and points to five of the ethical limitations of the tradition – its tendency to spiritual narcissism, contempt for the less-evolved masses, Social Darwinism and Malthusianism, spiritual eugenics, and illiberal utopian politics—before suggesting responses to these limitations.

As the number of confirmed COVID-19 cases exceeds 569 million globally (WHO, 2022), the amount of patients with constant symptoms is fast growing. Post-COVID-19, also referred to as long-COVID, is characterized by symptoms which are still reported 4 weeks or more after the initial COVID-19 infection and cannot be explained by an alternative diagnosis (National Research Action Plan on Long COVID; Department of Health Human Services, 2022). Persistent fatigue and fatigue-related symptoms such as anxiety, stress, and depression are among the main symptoms of post-COVID-19 and are independent of the severity of initial infection (hospitalized vs. non-hospitalized patients) (Townsend et al., 2020). Rudroff et al. (2020) defined post-COVID-19 fatigue as the decrease in physical and/or mental performance that results from changes in central, psychological, and/or peripheral factors. Although the number of research studies on post-COVID-19 fatigue increases rapidly, the underlying mechanism as well as effective treatments are unclear (Joli et al., 2022). Several reasons may be accountable for this gap in knowledge. First, fatigue is a complex interplay between various physiological and psychological factors, which is derived from interoceptive feedback reflecting the homeostatic state of the body (Kluger et al., 2013; Enoka et al., 2021). In general, fatigue describes the feelings of low energy, tiredness, low motivation, and difficulty in concentration and can only be evaluated by self-report (Enoka et al., 2021). Perceived fatigability and objective fatigability do not evaluate the same underlying concept. Moreover, perceived fatigability subjectively estimates past or future work capacity, while objective fatigability measures the magnitude of change in a performance metric after a specific task (Enoka et al., 2021). Understanding the difference between fatigue, perceived fatigability, and objective fatigability is significant for the investigation of the underlying mechanisms and the improvement of efficient approaches to reduce the symptom burden of people with post-COVID-19. Secondly, it is unclear which questionnaires provide the most meaningful assessment. Most studies have used the Fatigue Severity Scale (FSS), Fatigue Inventory (FIS) Scale, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), or the Chalder Fatigue Scale. Although the 11-item Chalder Fatigue Scale seems to be the most appropriate questionnaire because it covers physical and mental fatigue, a specific post-COVID-19 fatigue questionnaire is highly warranted. In a first attempt, Naik et al. (2022) evaluated the psychometric properties of the FSS in post-COVID-19 patients, involving construct validity, data quality, and internal consistency. They found that the FSS is an appropriate tool to evaluate fatigue in these patients in future studies, including clinical trials. However, additional validation analyses (test-re-test reliability, time effect) factors such as vaccination status and COVID-19 variants should be implemented. Thirdly, various conditions, in addition to post-COVID-19, may influence fatigue and it may be difficult to determine the etiology of symptoms. For example, perceived fatigability may be exacerbated by emotional factors such as anxiety, stress, mood and motivation. More research about continuing physical symptoms after COVID-19 infection should also be concerned about mechanisms that may not be particular related to the SARS CoV-2 virus. From a clinical perspective, a thorough medical evaluation of these patients may prevent their symptoms being imprecisely attributed to COVID-19 infection and allow for identification of behavioral and cognitive mechanisms that may be aimed to lessen the symptoms. Fleischer et al. (2022) showed that the nervous system is infrequently affected in patients with post-COVID-19 syndrome and suggested that psychosomatic factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of post-COVID-19 syndrome. In this line, Matta et al. (2022) suggested that physical symptoms continuing 10–12 months after the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic may be related more with the idea in having experienced COVID-19 rather than with an actual positive test. Importantly, previous work showed that perceived fatigability and fatigue are more prevalent than objective fatigability in post COVID-19 patients (Fietsam et al., 2022). They compared fatigue, perceived fatigue, and objective fatigability in these patients both with and without reported persistent fatigue symptoms. Interestingly, the results showed that while the subjects with fatigue symptoms did report worse levels of perceived and fatigability fatigue, they did not perform worse on an isokinetic fatigue task (objective fatigability measure) compared to subjects without fatigue symptoms. This suggests no differences in objective fatigability between the two groups. A similar pattern has been reported in people with multiple sclerosis (PwMS), with discrepancies being reported between fatigue and objective fatigability in this patient population. It has been suggested that despite comparable performance levels on a fatigue task (objective fatigability) to healthy subjects, increased perceived fatigability could be a product of increased cerebral energy demands to accomplish the same task in PwMS (DeLuca et al., 2008). To investigate this possibility, Rudroff et al. (2021) suggested that positron emission tomography (PET) imaging could be a key factor in furthering the efforts to identify the underlying mechanisms driving changes in the brain in people with post-COVID-19 fatigue symptoms. Furthermore, ¹⁸F-FDG-PET can be a valuable instrument to identify or rule out severe concurrent processes. Fourthly, women develop more often long-term post-COVID-19 fatigue and fatigue-related symptoms such as depression, pain, and anxiety than men (Bechmann et al., 2022; Ceban et al., 2022; Fernández-De-Las-Peñas et al., 2022). More studies,...

Introduction: N,N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT) is an endogenous serotonergic psychedelic capable of producing radical shifts in an experience that have significant implications for consciousness and its neural correlates, especially given the “disconnected consciousness” suggested by the “breakthrough” DMT state. Its increasing usage and clinical trial indicate the growing importance of a thorough elucidation of the experience's qualitative content, over and above the phenomenological structure. This is particularly in light of the intensely pervasive effects of DMT occasions in all dimensions of the self, which are often ontologically challenging yet potentially transformative.Methods: This is the second report on the first naturalistic field study of DMT use exploring its qualitative analysis. Screened, healthy, anonymized, and experienced DMT users were observed during their non-clinical use of the drug at home (40–75-mg inhaled). In-depth semi-structured interviews, inspired by the micro-phenomenological technique, were employed immediately after their experience. This study reports on the thematic and content analysis of one major domain of the breakthrough experiences elicited, the “self”; where analyses of the “other” were previously reported. A total of 36 post-DMT experience interviews with mostly Caucasian (83%) men (eight women) of a mean of 37 years were predominantly inductively coded.Results: Invariably, profound and highly intense experiences occurred. The first overarching category comprised the onset of effects, encompassing super-ordinate themes including sensory, emotion and body, and space-time shifts; the second category comprised bodily effects, encompassing themes including pleasurable, neutral/both, and uncomfortable; the third category comprised the sensorial effects, encompassing open-eye, visual, and cross-modal and other; the fourth comprised the psychological effects, encompassing memory and language, awareness and sense of self, and time distortions; and the fifth comprised the emotional effects, encompassing positive, neither/both, and challenging experiences. Many further subthemes also illuminate the rich content of the DMT experience.Discussion: The present study provides a systematic and nuanced analysis of the content of the breakthrough DMT state pertaining to one's personal and self-referential experiences of the body, senses, psychology, and emotions. The resonances both with previous DMT studies and other types of extraordinary experiences, such as the alien abduction, shamanic and near-death experiences, are also elaborated upon. Putative neural mechanisms and their promise as a psychotherapeutic agent, especially owing to deep emotional impact, are discussed.