In the current work, we completed a comprehensive assessment of the relative antioxidant activity in extracts from a few different medicinal plant species.The extracts' effectiveness at scavenging 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals was assessed spectrophotometrically. The highest degree of radical scavenging was 52.54%, while the IC₅₀ value was 93.54.Trigonella foenum graecum extract demonstrates how the greater concentration of phytoconstituents chemicals leads to more powerful radical scavenging results. Keywords: Trigonella foenum graecum, Antioxidant, DPPH, Phytochemical analysis

Introduction. Factors that cause failure of endodontic therapy include incomplete cleaning and shaping of root canals and unhermetic obturation. Endodontic failure can lead to periapical lesions. Apicoectomy is one of endodontic surgery treatment choice to preserving the tooth with endodontic treatment failure. Aim. The aim of this report was to show that in cases of failure of root canal treatment could be treat without extraction, however there was an alternative treatments such as apicoectomy that could be used to preserve the tooth and its function in the oral cavity.Case. A male 32 years old patient came to dentist with persistent pain on upper left first premolar. The tooth had been endodontically treated for ten years. Clinical examination tooth #24 had porcelain fused to metal on it, percussion test (+), bite test (+), pain on palpation. Radiographic examination showed that tooth #24 had fabricated post without gutta percha obturation on apical third. There was 3 mm round periapical lesion on the distal side of the tooth. Procedure Apicoectomy and retrograde filling with Mineral Trioxide Aggregate (MTA) and bone graft was performed to eliminate that periapical lesion. Conclusion Apicoectomy is one of main choice to preserve post endodontic tooth with periapical lesion and post core crown on it, as long as possible in oral cavity Keywords : Apicoectomy, Periapical lesion, Post endodontic treatment failure

Plants have served human beings as a natural source for treatments and therapies from ancient times, amongst them medicinal herbs have gain attention because of its wide use and less side effects. In the recent years plant research has increased throughout the world and a huge amount of evidences have been collected to show immense potential of medicinal plants used in various traditional systems. Rosa indica symbol of godness and beauty known for various healing power, has astringent, sedative, anti-inflammatory and antidepressant qualities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate in vitro antioxidant activities of leaves of Rosa indica. The in vitro antioxidant activity of methanolic extract of the leave part was assessed against DPPH free radical scavenging assay methods using standard protocols. The activities of methanolic leave part extract against DPPH assay method were concentration dependent with IC 50 values of ascorbic acid and extracts 24.34 and 62.66μg/ml respectively. The diverse array of phytochemicals present in the plant thus suggests its therapeutic potentials which may be explored in drug manufacturing industry as well as in traditional medicine. Keywords: Antioxidant activity, Rosa indica, DPPH assay method, Methanolic extract

Inflammation is a reaction of a living vascularised tissue to an injury. Conventional or synthetic drugs used in the treatment of inflammatory diseases are inadequate, it sometimes have serious side effects. So, number of herbal medicines is recommended for the treatment of inflammation that has no side effects. Pongamia pinnata, Pierre (Family- Fabaceae) commonly known as karanja. The seed and seed oil of the plant have been reported to be effective in various inflammatory and infectious diseases such as leucoderma, leprosy, lumbago, muscular and articular rheumatism, cutaneous affection including herpes and scabies etc. in folk medicine and Ayurveda, a traditional system of healing . Anti-inflammatory activities of this plant for various parts have been reported in various models. This study examined the anti-inflammatory potential of a methanolic leaves extract of Pongamia pinnata and reference drug Declofenac sodium, invitro using heat-induced protein denaturation technique. The concentrations of the leave extract used were 50-250μg/ml. While diclofenac sodium were 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250μg/ml. Both the Diclofenac sodium and extract showed the IC₅₀ values 18.36 and 82.24µg/ml respectively. It is concluded that the methanolic leaves extract of Pongamia pinnata possess marked in vitro anti-inflammatory activity which is mediated possibly by flavonoids, tannins and alkaloids. This is a novel finding. Further the results scientifically justify the use of leaves of Pongamia pinnata in India traditional medicine to treat inflammation. Keywords: Inflammation, Pongamia pinnata, Fabaceae, heat-induced protein denaturation technique

In the last fifteen years where have significant acceleration in drug delivery research. In the early days of controlled release, development of pharmaceutical formulations was more idealized, with emphasis on the attainment of the illusive “zero-order release behavior”. When analyzing the swelling and release behavior of the Dome Matrix systems, it was demonstrated that the swelling behavior of the curved surfaces of the matrices strongly affected the drug release kinetics. The controlled release Dome matrix tablets containing Diclofenac sodium were prepared using a wet granulation process and polymers used xanthan gum, HPMC and Eudragit. Two different formulations were prepared; in first formulation the ratio was kept 60% active ingredient and 40% polymers subsequently in 2^nd formulation 55% active ingredient 45% polymers. Precompression test angle of repose, Hausner’s ratio, Bulk Density, Tapped Density, Car’s Index were checked according to the specified standard procedure. All Physical Characteristics of dome tablets were analyzed. Drug release pattern was also analyzed by using USP apparatus II paddle method. The hardness, weight fluctuation, thickness, friability, drug content homogeneity, and in-vitro dissolution investigations of the manufactured controlled release tablets. All were examined and found within acceptable range. The F1 and F2 formulations performed well in tests and had a continuous drug release. The findings of this study showed that a polymer could be successfully used to formulate Diclofenac sodium Dome matrix tablets. The drug release was extended for 8 to 12 hours in all formulations using a drug to polymer ratio of 60:40, 55:45. The formulations are proved to have efficient drug release time. Keywords: Diclofenac sodium, Dome Matrix, Eudragit, Control release, Xanthan gum.

Indonesia's geographical conditions are very diverse. Oral disease which is the most common global health problem is caries. An indicator of caries experience which includes decay, missing, filled criteria is DMF, the easiest and most frequently used method for epidemiological surveys of dental caries. To identify the subset of the population with high and very high DMF-T scores and to find individuals who are still susceptible to caries, the Significant Caries (SiC) index is used as a complement to the average DMF-T value. This study aims to determine the description of the Significant Caries (SiC) index and the distribution of regional origins of members of the Formed Police Unit (FPU) in LKOK Pusdokkes Polri Jakarta by the year 2020. This research is descriptive study with a total sampling method of selecting samples. A The DMF-T score was 1157 with a mean DMF-T of 6.4 (high criteria), and SiC index of 11.4 (very high criteria). Respondents from the Western Region of Indonesia had a DMF-T score of 465 and SiC index of 11.34 (very high criteria). The DMF-T score for respondents from Central Region of Indonesia was 155 and SiC index 11.9 (very high criteria). Respondents from Eastern Region of Indonesia had DMF-T score of 76 and SiC index 10.85 with (very high criteria). It can be concluded that respondents have DMF-T scores in the high criteria and SiC index with very high criteria. Based on the regions of origin of the respondents, SiC score index in all three regions are of origin is included in the very high criteria with respondents from the Central Region of Indonesia having the highest SiC index compared to the other 2 regions. Keywords: Significant Caries (SiC) Index, Regions of Origin of FPU XI Member

Keywords: Effervescent tablets. Carbon tablet, Effervescent granules.

Adverse drug reactions are common and pose a serious health problem, limiting treatment options, causing compliance issues, and even leading to therapy discontinuation. Hypertension is a chronic disease that is regarded as a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. To achieve a target blood pressure in an individual patient, a wide range of anti-hypertensive agents are available as single or combination therapy, whereas combination therapy increases the risk of developing Adverse Drug Reaction. Hypertensive patients frequently have coexisting disease conditions such as hyperlipidemia, impaired glucose metabolism, and renal impairment, which increase the risk of Cardio Vascular morbidity and mortality. When treating hypertensive patients, comprehensive management of both hypertension and concomitant Cardio Vascular Disease risk factors is essential. Some of the rare and serious Adverse Drug Reactions that occurred in patients treated with these drugs included beta-blockers causing psoriasis, calcium channel blockers causing gingival hyperplasia, peripheral oedema, Angiotensin Converting Enzyme inhibitors causing ankle oedema, and thiazide diuretics causing hyponatremia and hyperglycemia. Asymptomatic hypertension is more common and necessitates lifelong treatment with antihypertensive agents, predisposing to Adverse Drug Events.In order to improve treatment outcomes and reduce morbidity and mortality associated with adverse drug reactions, healthcare professionals must monitor adverse drug reactions in patients taking antihypertensive drugs. Keywords: Adverse drug reactions, Hypertension, hyperlipidemia, glucose metabolism

The proper functioning of human immune system is essential for organism survival against infectious, toxic and oncogenic agents. The concept of immunomodulation was proposed by Edward Jenner, while working on polio vaccine in 1796. A brawny, fine-functioning immune system is the keystone of excellent health. Immune replies are the consequence of an effectual interaction among innate (natural and non-specific) and acquired (adaptive and specific) components of the immune system. Inequity or failure of the immune systems is connected with a variety of chronic illness counting allergies, autoimmune diseases, cancers and furthers. Immunomodulators are natural or synthetic materials that regulate the immune system and induce innate and adaptive defense mechanisms. These substances are classified into two types, immunostimulants and immunosuppressants. Immunostimulants can enhance body's resistance against various infections through increasing the basal levels of immune response. These agents could increase the oxidative activity of neutrophils, augment engulfment activity of phagocytic cells and stimulate cytotoxic cells as necessary defense mechanisms. The researchers classified the immunostimulants using their origin and mode of action such as bacterial products, complex carbohydrates, vaccines (antigens and adjuvants), cytokines, immunoenhancing drugs, nutritional factors, animal extracts, and plant extracts. The link between immune system with diet, exercise, sleep, stress, microbial exposure, alcohol, water, hygiene are found to influence the immune response to a greater extent. Immunostimulants and some immunity enhancing nutrients improve the functioning of the immune system. In addition, some preventive measures such as healthy diet or proper nutrition, moderate exercise, sound sleep, drinking adequate water, subclinical exposure to microbes and managing stress, good hygiene, are altogether capable of boosting the immune system. In this review, the concepts, types and functions of immunostimulants will be described as a therapeutic approach against different diseases. Keywords: Immunomodulators, Immunostimulants, Adjuvant, Mechanism, Immune system.

Antioxidants are important ingredients that are present in fruits and vegetables (FAV). With increased consumption of FAV in its raw and processed form, a predominantly plant-based diet rich in FAV could reduce the risk of the development of chronic human diseases. This review highlights the potentials of the various types of antioxidants containing FAV; their impact on human health as nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and phytoceuticals; as well as prospects in tackling some chronic human diseases. The structures and activity relationship of the antioxidant compounds, as well as their mechanism of action, are examined from current scientific investigations. Information provided herein will give more insight into the roles of antioxidant ingredients present in FAV. Keywords - Fruits; vegetables; phytochemicals; antioxidants; human health; diets