Farmers’ household in the village involve in many activities both farming and non-farming activities. This involvement affect the time allocation for farming, which in turn will have impacts to the household income. Therefore, there is a need to study the time allocation pattern of farmers, non-farming job opportunities and other factors that affect the working time allocation, income and farmers’ household expenditures. The research question are: (1) how the work flow patterns in the allocation of household farmers in rice production area and why rice productivity is low? (2) whether job opportunities in non farm business influence the flow of work in farming and what factors affect the flow of work, household income and farmers expenditure?. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the working time allocation, income, and expenditure of farmers in the rice production area. The research was conducted in Sigi, Central Sulawesi Province on December 2015 – Pebruary 2016, using cross sectional data in the household based economic approach applying a model of simultaneous equations. The results showed that non-farm activities have played important roles in the rural economy, especially domestic rice farmer household. They are not only contribute to household income but also in to working time allocation. In terms of the working time allocation, farmesr do more non-farm activities than paddy farming activities. Male household members’working time allocation is the highest activities compared to the female household members in the farm or non farm. Meanwhile, in terms of income, the contribution to farmers' income from non-farm is greater than from farm. Food consumption is the highest expenditure in the farmer household.

Rambutan is a fruit native to Indonesia, which has a high diversity. Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute has a rambutan germplasm collection. The objectives of the research were to identify and classify rambutan germplasm accessions based on morphological characteristics, in order to identify the specific characteristics important for the development of future varieties of rambutan. Collecting data on the 32 accession was conducted in Aripan Experimental Field, Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute from September 2014 to February 2015. Characterization of morphology characters referred to as the Descriptor for Rambutan was published by IPGRI. Cluster analysis based on morphological characteristics successfully separated the accession of rambutan R7 and R11 with 30 other rambutan accessions with the dissimilarity coefficient of 45%. Accession R4 was similar to Sitangkue, R14 was similar to Korong Gadang, and R15 was similar to Sinyonya. Characteristics that can be used to distinguish each of the accession of rambutan were the width of seed, seed thickness, total soluble solids (TSS), fruit diameter, spintern texture and the spintern color. Accession R15 can be developed as a commercial variety, because it has a high yield, and shelf life associated with high fruit weight characteristics and thick rind.

Early detection and identification of soybean diseases is important to support better productivity of soybean. The demand for the availability of an expert on soybean disease is very high, especially for the beginners in the field of agriculture. However, the number and time allocation of the experts are not adequate to serve farmers located in different geographical areas. Therefore, an expert system is proposed as a solution to use as a diagnostic tool for soybean diseases just like a human expert. It will be even easier when the system is implemented into an Android-based application to be used anywhere and anytime. The objective of this study was to analyze and design an expert system for early identification of soybean diseases. This study was adopting the Expert System Development Life Cycle (ESDLC) approach. The stages were project initialization, knowledge engineering process, and implementation. The study was started with the project initialization phase that conducted in September 2014 and the completion of the implementationphase in August 2015. The results of research were in the form of document analysis and prototype system.

The research was conducted at three centers of rice production in the province of Bali i.e. regency of Tabanan, Gianyar and Buleleng in dry season of 2011 and wet season of 2011/2012. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire. The number of respondents consisted of 94 farmers non ICM-FFS and 122 farmers ICM-FFS with total respondents of 216 farmers. The distribution of sample respondents for each district were Tabanan district in subak Guama, Selanbawak village, Marga subdistrict as much as 78 respondents (44 ICM-FFS farmers and 34 farmer non ICM-FFS) ; Gianyar district in Subak Kumpul, Bona village, Blahbatuh subdisrict as much as 66 respondents (ICM-FFS 38 farmers and 28 farmer non ICM-FFS) and district Buleleng in subak Lebeha, Sangsit village, Sawan district as much as 72 respondent (40 farmers ICM-FFS dan 32 farmers non ICM-FFS). Relative economic efficiency and factors affecting low land rice farming profits were analyzed with Unit Output Price-Cobb Douglas Profit Function (UOP-CDPF) approach, which estimated using Ordinary Least Square (OLS). The result showed that the relative economic efficiency of ICM-FFS farmer was significantly higher than the non ICM-FFS farmers. Factors affecting low land rice farming profitability were price of N fertilizer, P fertilizer price, price of pesticides and wage of labor. The profitability of low land rice farming was higher on their own land, cultivated in the dry season and the farmers participating in the ICM-FFS.

Yield components of rice are characteristics that can contribute to crop productivity levels. Grain weight per panicle produced from primary, secondary, tertiary and quarter tiller are important yield components. Information on grain weight profile may be used as the basis for improving rice cultivation techniques. Therefore, profile of the filled and empty grain weight from each type of rice panicle need to be evaluated. Evaluation of the traits was done by conducting experiment in glass house in 2013 under randomized block design, 3 replications with 1 plant per pot. Seed weight of filled and empty grain of primary, secondary, tertiary and quarter of rice panicles were observed. Thirty genotypes of rice were grouped by 8 variables of filled and empty grain weight through cluster analysis, and the profile response of filled and empty grain weight was analyzed by profile analysis of multiple variables. Profile of grain weight per cluster showed that there was no cluster with high filled grain weight and low empty grain weight for all types of panicle. Among the clusters, there were genotypes with high filled grain weight and moderate empty grain weight from each type of panicles, and they could be considered as materials in rice breeding programs.

Regulation in the utilization of irrigation as Common Pool Resources-CPRs is really needed to overcome water limitation. Conducive conditions for the irrigation management on overall hydrological unit will be strengthened by the presence of social capital. Social capital plays a role in the mechanism of collective action formation on the management of CPRs whose existence depends on the people’s social and cultural environment. Trust will reduce transaction costs and facilitate the formation of social cooperation (network). Establishment of social bonds and norms in the groups become an effective instrument for resource sustainability. The study aims to analyze the role of social capital in the irrigation management and its impact to the farmers welfare. The study was conducted from April to August 2014 In Sukoharjo,with 320 respondents who represent the hydrological diversity unit of 12 districts in Sukoharjo. Using the two levels regression analysis, namely at the micro-level (farmers household) and meso-level (community) to see the effect of different variables: social capital of farmer households (Iik), social capital of community (Mk), area access (R), access and availability of water resources (Hdr), external environment (E), the collective action of irrigation management (TK), farmers satisfaction (Stfy), highly significant effect to the farmer household welfare (Sik) and community level (wk). Social capital of community, area access, access and availability of water resources have a significant effect to the society welfare (Wk). Therefore, the implementation of irrigation management should provide space for the establishment of social capital accompanied by policies harmonization between the formal regulations and informal rules in the form of the value system and culture that flourished in the society life.

Technology of ICM (Integrated Crop Management) has been introduced to farmers since 2002, but farmers have not applied it until now.The problem is the slow dissemination process, and farmers are still low in implementing some components of ICM. Technology intervention is needed to increase production and productivity. This study aimed to analyze the relationship between seed maturity, jajar legowo and urea fertilizers on rice production. The experiment was conducted in Banyuasin October-December 2012. The method used was observation and FGD (Focus Group Discussion) against ICM field school in Banyumas. The study population totaled 300 farmers spread over the District ICM field school location. The sample was 70 farmers taken by using Slovin formula. Data were analyzed using path analysis. The results showed that the jajar legowo affected rice production by 12.2%, and the use of urea fertilizer by 26.3%. while seed maturity did not have significant effect. Combined together, both technologies affected rice production by 38.5%. It was suggested to implement ICM technology as recommended.

ABSTRAK.  Xanthophyll and carotene is a carotenoid group that has potential as an antioxidant and has been reported carotenoids can be synthesized by microalgae P. cruentum. This study aimed to test the potential carotene and xantofil of P. cruentum as an antioxidant, by measuring of malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) on sheep red blood cells by oxidative stress. Measurement of MDA using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) which is based on the reaction between two molecules of TBA with one molecule under acidic conditions. SOD activity measurements with Adenochrom Assay method that is based on the ability of SOD inhibits autooxidation of epinephrine under alkaline conditions. Concentration of carotene used is 0.6; 6; 60 mg/mL and a positive control (vitamin E), while the concentration of xantophyl was 0.8; 8; 80 mg/mL and a positive control (vitamin C).The results showed that MDA levels in sheep red blood cells given carotene pigment were 0.78 ± 0.02 nmol/ml (0.6 μg/mL); 0.34 ± 0.04 nmol/mL (6 μg/mL); 0.15 ± 0.04 (60 μg/mL), and those given xantophyll pigment were 0.64 ± 0.04 nmol/mL (0.8 μg/ml); 0.6 ± 0.06 nmol/mL (8 μg/mL); 0.52 ± 0.04 nmol/mL (80 μg/mL).While the activity of SOD on sheep red blood cells given carotene pigment are 31.53 ± 1.98 unit/mL (0.6 μg/mL); 39.16 ± 1.2 (6 μg/mL); 48.1 ± 0.46 unit/mL (60 μg/mL) and given xantophyll pigment of 29.17 ± 1.2 unit/mL (0.8 μg/ml); 37.32 ± 0.79 unit/mL (8 μg/mL); 42.58 ± 1.2 unit/mL (80 μg/mL). The result of statistical test using SPSS 16 concluded that use of carotene and xantophyllin sheep red blood cell that were given oxidative stress can decrease MDA level and increase the activity of SOD. This proves that carotene and xantophyll pigments of P. cruentumhave the ability as antioxidant.

Bioethanol is a plant-based fuels potential as alternative materials to substitute fossil fuels which are non-renewable. The aim of this study is to get the optimal dose of Saccharomyces cerevisiae as starer, concentration of nitrogen (urea) and fermentation time for the production of bioethanol effectively and efficiently. This study was conducted at the Laboratory of Postharvest Research and Development Institute, Bogor from May to September 2015. The materials used are molasses of sugar cane. The experimental design used was a factorial design with 3 factors. The first factor was the treatment of fermentation time (1, 2 and 3 days). The second factor was the nitrogen concentration (0, 2 and 4 grams). The thirtd factor was the Saccharomyces cerevisiae concentration (1, 1.5 and 2 grams). Each treatment was repeated twice. Observations were made on the characteristics of the raw materials (total sugar content, ash content and calcium content) and the resulting product (total sugar content, alcohol content and yield). Data were analyzed using analysis of variance and Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT). The results showed that the addition of starter Saccharomyces cerevisiae and treatment of urea 2 grams each produced the highest yield alcohol with a fermentation time of 3 days.

Land rent of paddy field is lower than oil palm and it encourages farmers to convert wetland to oil palm plantations.This study aimed to determine the impact of land use on the welfare of rice farmers. The experiment was conducted in Kampar district from April to December 2013. Data were collected through a field survey of 30 rice farmers and 30 farmers who converted wetland to oil palm plantations. Land rent value of paddy rice farming management was then compared with the land rent of oil palm plantations. The alignment of the calculation of land rent value of both commodities was carried out by PVNR value approach to timing analysis for 25 years (according to the economic lives of oil palm plantations) and a discount rate of 10%. The economic analysis showed that the average rice farming land rent value was Rp.9.834.727/hectare/year. The average land rent value of oil palm was Rp 16.255.090/hectare/year. PVNR - land rent value of the rice farming was Rp. 89.200.977 / hectare, while the value of farm land rent - PVNR of oil palm was Rp. 111.388.769/hectare . PVNR - land rent of oil palm was higher by 25 % than that of paddy. The result indicated that the ratio of land rent oil palm was 1.25 times higher than wetland. The welfare of rice farmers was lower with the value of NTPRP 0,57 than oil palm farmers with the value of NTPRP 0,70.

Changes in the frequency and severity of extreme climate events and in the variability of weather patterns will have significant consequences for stability of agricultural system. Research objectives were to a) analyze the Impact of Climate Change on Food Crops in Dryland b) develop a software prototype analysis of the impact of climate change on food production, especially upland rice and maize on dry land; c) create a simulation with multiple scenarios of the impact of climate change on dry land. The study was conducted in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.The activities were carried out by projecting precipitation using scenarios: a) SRESA2 (Scenarios of climate change by assuming economic growth is lower and population growth remains high so the rate of greenhouse gas emissions increased, b) SRESB1 (scenario of climate change by assuming mitigation efforts through expanding efficient use of energy and technology improvements so that the emission levels are lower) and making projections of production of upland rice and maize using Decission Support System for Agrotechnology Transfer (DSSAT) as resource information in the preparation of prototype software information Systems Climate Change Impacts on Crop Production (SIDaPi TaPa). The system was built based on the analysis simulation model projections of production output DSSAT. Based on SRES scenarios A2, the decline in rainfall increased until 2050 in several districts, in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.Treatment of adaptation through SRESB1 scenarios could be effective to anticipate a decrease in rainfall in some regions, either in 2025 or 2050. In general, the region experiencing a decrease in rainfall will also decrease in production of both upland rice and maize production. The decline in upland rice production by SRESA2 scenario until 2050 was between 20-25%, and by a scenario adaptation SRESB1 the decline in production could be minimized to only between 7 -10%.The decline in maize production in the plot until 2050 by SRESA2 was between 9-15%, using scenarios to reduce production SRESB1 was only 5-8%. SIDAPI TAPA is a software analysis of the impact of climate change on food production, especially upland rice and maize on dry land in South Sulawesi, West Nusatenggara and East Nusatenggara.

Rice is the staple food of Indonesia's population. Various problems occur in an effort to increase production and productivity. One problem is the attack of yellow rice stem borer (PBPK) which may result in yield losses up to 90%. Utilization of parasitoid is an alternative to suppress the attack of Yellow Rice Stem Borer. The study was conducted in Tabanan, covering three locations with the altitudes of 50, 300, and 550 meters above sea leve, and at the Plant Pests and Diseases laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Udayana. The study aimed to determine the effectiveness of parasitization of the best Yellow Rice Stem Borer as a natural control agent at different altitudes. The method used was survey by taking a sample group of Yellow Rice Stem Borer eggs with a purposive random sampling in the area of 2.5 hectares (one block in each location was an area of 0.5 hectares) at each location. Observations on parasitoid found in Yellow Rice Stem Borer eggs were done on parasitoid species diversity, equality, abundance, parasitation level, sex ratio, and the pattern of parasitoid invasion. The results showed three species of parasitoid eggs PBPK as biological control agents. Parasitation level of T. rowani and T. japonicum was the highest at the altitude of 50 meters above sea level, while T. schoenobii at the altitude of 300 and 500 meters above sea level.

Yellow latex is commonly called gamboge and is a latex produced in all parts of the mangosteen. Yellow sap becomes a problem when it gets out of the ruptured channel, and contaminates the aryl and pericarp. Ruptured channel of yellow latex is presumably because the walls of the epithelial cells of the yellow latex channels is Calcium deficiency. In addition, Boron has also the same function in maintaining the integrity of the cell wall. This research was aimed to know the roles of calcium and boron in controlling contamination yellow latex on the mangosteen fruit, and to obtain the best combination between calcium and boron in preventing the yellow latex contamination on mangosteen. The study was conducted in Purwakarta, West Java from November 2012 to June 2013. The study was arranged a randomized factorial with three replications. The treatment consists of two factors: dosages of Ca (0.0; 2.5; 5.0 and 7.5 kg / tree) and of B (0.00; 0.77; 1.55 and 2.32 g /tree). There was no interaction effect observed between calcium and boron fertilizer on fruit physical and chemical variables but there were significant interactions in quadratic levels of yellow latex contaminant in the mangosteen fruit. The percentage of fruit with minimum aryl contamination was 1.05 % at the optimum combination dose of 5.0 kg Ca/tree and 1.55 g B2O3/tree.

The study was conducted in five locations i.e Kediri, Ponorogo, Probolinggo, Malang, and Mojokerto, from November 2010 until August 2011. The planting materials used were 15 cassava clones. The research objective was to compare analysis methods of the genotype × environment interaction, namely: a) GGE technique using REML without A matrix by assuming homogeneous residual error variance, b) GGE technique using REML with A matrix by assuming homogeneous residual error variance, c) GGE technique using REML without A matrix by assuming heterogeneous residual error variance, and d) GGE technique using REML with A matrix by assuming heterogeneous residual error variance. The results showed that GGE technique using REML without A matrix by assuming heterogeneous residual error variance was more appropriate. Clones CMM 03038-7 (G8) had a wide adaptability and high yield potential, and its clone was closest to the ideal criteria for genotype compared with other genotypes. Clones CMM 03094-4 (G10) had specific adaptability in the environments S2 (Malang) and S5 (Mojokerto), and it had higher yield potential than the control varieties UJ5, Malang 6, and Adira 4. Environment Kediri (S1) had the highest yield among other environments and Kediri was a suitable environment for the growth and selection of cassava.

Major constraints and problems associated with postharvest handling of fresh banana are short shelf life and lack of proper postharvest handling. The purpose of this study was to evaluate fruit quality and shelf life under MAP packaging, with or without KMnO4. This research was conducted between May-August 2013 at the laboratory of food processing and agricultural product, Bogor Agricultural Institute. The data obtained were analyzed with analysis of variance (ANOVA), if the results were significant at 5%, then further test was carried out with Duncan test. The results indicated that the shelf life of bananas packaged in White Stretch Film (WSF) with KMnO4 (MAP active) at 28°C could be stored for 10 days and comparable to 6 days without KMnO4 (MAP passive), and the shelf life of fruit packed in MAP active at 15°C could be stored for 24 days and comparable to 16 days for MAP passive. The 3 factors interaction were significant at different levels of starch content at 6th day, whereas total soluble solids (TSS) was significantly different at 2nd day of storage. MAP active treatment could delay starch content degradation and TSS when compared to passive MAP.

White corn is a source of functional food, particularly in dry land and dry climate environments. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) has released six white corn varieties with various characteristics with wide adaptation area. Breeding programs for developing high yielding white maize varieties is conducted by a series of steps including evaluation of agronomic characteristics of lines/varieties. The objective of the research was to test the applicability of step wise regression model to determine/select agronomic variables that significantly contributed to the yield of white corn. Research was conducted in rainy season 2012 at Muneng experimental station, East Java Province. Maize parental plants used were the result of crossing CML140 x CML264Q lines namely Bima Putih. A total of 14 variables were tested for their significances to maize yield. SPSS and Microstat software were used to calculate the best variables that contributed to the yield significantly. The results showed that among 14 variables involved in the calculation, there were five variables that contributed to the yield, namely: weight of cob at harvest (x5), ratio of the weight of dry grain to the total cob weight (x9), the seed moisture content (x6), and number of ears (x4). Regression models generated from step wise screening was y=-4,33+0,763x5+0,1009x11+0,104x9-1,22x6+0,016x4. The coefficient of determination (R2 ) of the model was 0.99, indicating the ability of the regression model to fit the data. This showed that the five independent variables included in the model were the main variables in determining the outcome of hybrid seed Bima Putih-1. This result could be further used as reference to conduct parameter screening to produce high yielding white maize

Capacity of extension agents in understanding climate forecasting and climate change is allegedly limited. Therefore, it is necessary to improve their capacity on this issue. Research was conducted between May to December 2014. Indramayu in West Java was choosen purposively, representing irrigated-land agroecosystem. Respondents were extension agents selected from Agricultural Extension of Fisheries and Forestry Services (BP3K) or Agricultural Extension Services (BPP)with their working area being considered high vulnerability to climate change. Total respondents were 59 extension agents randomly selected. There were three phases of dynamic hypothesis resulting in : 1) problem identification, 2) ideal capacity determination; and 3) model design. Methods of data collection were survey, interview, and focus group discussion (FGD). A RAP-FISH ordination technique through Multi Dimensional Scaling (MDS) was used to assess the existing extension capacity and identify sensitive attributes influencing the ability of the extension agents in the use of climate information through analysis of leverage in each variable. Results showed that accessibility to resources, information management and election of extension dimension methods were the dimensions to be considered for improving the extension agents capacity building in climate utilization. Therefore, a structural approach should be done through increased synergy between institutions involved in capacity building of extension agents and its resources. Moreover, synergy amongst sources of information should be conducted to encourage the roles of BP4K and BP3K in managing climate information. While the functional approach is done through re-designing capacity development activities on utilizing climate information, with the focus on improving the accessibility, information management, and selection of extension methods.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of maltodextrin combination with different encapsulation materials in the encapsulation of red palm oil by spray drying, in order to maximize encapsulation efficiency and retention of β-carotene. Maltodextrin was combined with xanthan gum (XG), gum arabic (GA), sodium caseinate (SC). The study was designed using a block randomized design with ten treatments and three replicates. The use of different combinations of encapsulation materials in this study had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the characteristic of encapsulates. The best encapsulation efficiency and β-carotene retention were obtained with MD:XG at a combination of 99.7:0.3%, while the lowest encapsulation efficiency and β-carotene retention were obtained for MD:SC. Combination of MD:XG produced encapsulate with 1.03% of surface oil, 92.40% of oil retention, 72.05% of encapsulation efficiency, and 72.65% of β-caroten retention. The mixtures of different encapsulation materials influenced encapsulate morphology. The MD:SC encapsulate had higher dents and folds on encapsulate surface, whereas the combination of MD:XG resulted in a smoother surface of the encapsulate.

An effective media dissemination is through electronic media, which includes radio and television. Yet, the farmer character was also influenced to dissemination process. The aim of this studyimproved dissemination method that consider the charactersaudience of radio and television. The study was conducted to 114 respondents, which consist of 57 recipients of the information about KUB chicken through radio and 57 recipients through television media. The respondents was simple randomly selected 50% from total members of each 4 farmer breeder groups, which are 2 groups from Sleman Regency and 2 groups from Bantul Regency. The research was done on July – November 2014. Some observed variables was the farmer characters (age, gender and level of education), knowledge, attitude and farmer motivation for KUB chicken adoption. The knowledge, attitude and respondents motivation were evaluated using questionnaire, which was taken after the respondents received the information through radio or television. The score of questionnare was stated to the interval data, which used Likert scale. Validity andrealibility test of the questionnaire, also normality data were done by SPSS version 21. The differences influenced of radio and television to knowledge, attitude and motivation to adopt the KUB chicken were tested byt-test. The path analysis was used AMOS version 21 to test some factors that affected to the farmer knowledge, attitude and motivation. The result of study shown that television media was well disseminated of innovation than radio, because it should changed the farmer well known and wanted to adopt the KUB chicken.The radio media more suitable for male audience,that had higher motivation than woman.Since accelerating adoption of KUB chicken would be accured if the audience of television mediawere the lower educated farmer, which more motivated than the higher one.

One of the problems that farmers face on Terigas tangerine in Sambas Regency, West Kalimantan is the low fruit quality. It is believed that it is caused by extreme fluctuation of moisture level, temperature, soil moisture, and nutrition absorption.The aim of this research was to obtain good quality tangerine through the reduction of moisture level fluctuation, temperature, soil moisture, and sufficient nutrition for plants. This research was conducted in Sambas Regency. Research design used was Split Plot Design, which consisted of two main plots, i.e. land with flooded trench and land with unflooded rench. Whereas, the three sub-plots were: 1) inorganic fertilizer (farmer’s technology), 2) inorganic fertilizer + organic fertilizer + mulch, and 3) inorganic fertilizer + organic fertilizer + mulch + (Ca + B). This research used four replicates with ten trees per experimental unit.The results showed that flooding the trench during dry-season and followed by fertilization was able to increase the fruit quality of Terigas tangerine. Those fruit quality were fruit dehiscent, fruit diameter (grade), acid level (%), and sugar content fruit.

An ideal soybean cultivar is the one that achieves the greatest yield consistently across many environments regardless of environmental conditions. The objective of this experiment was to determine the soybean seed yield stability by AMMI method. A total of ten soybean genotypes, which consisted of eight soybean promising lines (G100H/SHRW-60-38, SHRW-60/G100H-73, SHRW-60/G100H-68, SHRW-60/G100H-66, G100H/SHRW-34, SHRW-60/G100H-5, SHRW-60/G100H-70, and SHRW-60/G100H-75) and two soybean check varieties (Kaba and Wilis) was evaluated at six soybean production centers in Yogyakarta, Banyuwangi and West Nusa Tenggara during 2011. The field experimental design for each location was completely randomized design with four replicates. Each genotype was planted on 2.4 m x 4.5 m plot size, 40 cm x 15 cm plant distance, with 2 plants/hill. Stability analysis on seed yield was based on the AMMI method.The combined analysis showed that the genotype and GEI were highly significant for seed yield. The AMMI of the first significant interaction principal component (PC1) accounted for 66.07% of the total variation. Based on AMMI1 biplot, G1 (G100H/SHRW-60-38) and G5 (G100H/SHRW-34) showed higher yield stability. However, the most stable genotype (G5) produced low yield. The other stable genotype (G5) showed highest soybean yield, and therefore it is proposed to be released as a new improved soybean variety.

Watershed (DAS) is a complex ecosystem, where land quality is largely determined by land use activities. This illustrates the importance of analytical procedure, especially where the context in which the spatial pattern of land use in the future can be designed based on the risk of degradation in large areas. Data and information are necessary to be used as reference in designing a planning scheme related to land use. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a system that has the ability to analyze problems and their spatial and non-spatial combinations (queries) in order to provide solutions to spatial problems. Sustainable farming is an integral part of sustainable development, a farming system which preserves water resources, land resources, and plant resources in acceptable and suitable ways economically, socially, and environmentally. The research aimed to identify and classify critical land by spatial analysis. Based on identification of land, there were 12 individual units in the study area. Based on the spatial analysis, critical land classification was divided into not critical area of 1,818 ha (28.7.%), Potentially Critical 2,596 ha (41.06%), Moderately critical 1,631 ha (25.08%), Critical 226 ha (3.57 %). Most of the land in sub-basin Langge was a hilly area of 1180.6 ha (63.8%) with a slope of 12-25%; 25-40% and above 40%. Alternative farm management in this area was a conservation farm by mechanical conservation techniques (terraces) or vegetative with cultivation techniques hallway, living fences, grass strips and agroforestry.

Maize is the second basic food need after rice that is potential and has high economic value in increasing income of farmers and food diversification program. White maize, in particular, is an alternative staple food in Grobogan Regency. The superior variety is a component of technology that plays a prominent role to increase productivity, disease resistant, and environmentally suitable (specific location). The aim of the study was to determine the influential factors in the adoption of superior variety of white maize in order to achieve transfer of technology. The study was carried out in three villages of Grobogan Regency, Central Java: namely Sumber Jatipohon, Godan, and Karangasem. The locations were determined with purposive sampling and the number of respondents interviewed was 120 farmers (40 farmers in each village) between September-December 2015. Analyses of the data were descriptively and quantitatively using percentages, charts and tables with logistic regression. The results of this study showed that the interest of farmers to adopt new superior variety of white maize was quite good around 66.7 percent. Farmers’ interest toward superior variety may be considered high. While factors significantly influencing the adoption included income, knowledge or information on technology, agriculture extension support, pest, and availability of seeds. On the other hand, factors which were not significantly affecting the adoption included age, formal education, farmers’ experience, and land size.

Smallholder dairy farmers in Indonesia are very limited by the availability of quantity and quality of the feedstuff, especially in dry season. Sources of protein from legumes and non-conventional materials can be found around the area and used as feed ingredients for dairy cows. However, the major problem is in feed formulation for nutritionally balanced ration and with the cheapest cost. This paper outlines a step-by-step procedure in feed formulation based on Excel program for dairy farmers. The steps were performed to provide assurance that the resulting balanced ration was according to the targeted performance and at least cost. Also, users could control the process of formulating the ration. Examples were given by utilizing legumes and the results indicated that the reduction in feed cost was very real, as much as 10-20% when compared to the concentrated feed commonly used by farmers at a price of Rp1420/kg. The formulation method prepared by the program SOLVER can be recommended for use by dairy cattle ranchers individually or with assistance from Extension workers. Farmers are expected to be able to formulate their feed easily in order to get the least cost formula using feedstuff available in abundance, to minimize production cost, and to optimize feed management at small scale farming level.

Heptachlor insecticide is a toxic organochlorine insecticide, persistent and bio-cummulative in the environment. Remediation using actived carbon and microbial is a solution to pollution due to pesticide in the environment.The objective of this study was to obtain fertilizer technology using urea with activated carbon and enriched with microbes degrading heptachlor insecticide in order to reduce the insecticide residue in paddy fields. The research was conducted at the Jakenan Experimental Station between February to September 2012. The soil used as the planting medium was brought from the village Sukamenak, District Rawagempol Wetan, Karawang. The experiment was conducted in the field at micro-plot scale with lysimeter, and using a randomized block design (RBD) with 3 replications and 6 fertilizer treatments ( control , prill urea , urea with activated carbon maize cobs ( UAATJ ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell ( UAATK ) , urea with activated carbon cob corn + microbes ( UAATJM ) , urea with activated carbon coconut shell + microbes ( UAATKM ). The plants used were from Inpari 13 variety. The insecticide residue analysis was performed in the Residu Bahan Agrikimia (RBA) laboratory of Balingtan. The results showed significant orthogonal countrast tests of different treatments. The highest reduction of residual insecticide was observed in urea coated with activated carbon cob corn and enriched with microbial consortia degrading POPs, which was 36.30 %. It is suspected that activated carbon coated cob corn with microbial enrichment was favored as its home and the microbes utilized carbon sources of heptachlor as the food.

Information on characteristics related to drought tolerance is particularly important for improving hybrid maize yield. The present study was conducted with 62 genotypes involving tolerant, moderate, susceptible and very susceptible, for post flowering drought tolerance of hybrid maize. An experiment was conducted to determine the characteristics association between grain yield and its components and their direct and indirect effects to the yield. The research was arranged in a randomized completed block design with three replications. Drought stress treatment was started from flowering (50 days after planting, dap) until milk-dough stage (80 dap). The result indicated significant and positive association of grain yield with plant height, ear position height, stalk diameter, leaf area, leaf angle, the percentage of leaf senescence, leaves rolling score, ear length, ear diameter, number of grain/ear and shelling percentage were correlated with the yield under drought stress. Grain yield was strongly correlated with plant height, leaf area, ear length, ear diameter, and shelling percentage. Indirect effect on grain yield under drought conditions were found for the following parameters: stalk diameter, leaf angle, percentage of leaf senescence, leaf rolling scores and number of seeds/ear.

One of the problems encountered in the development of sugarcane (Sacharrum officinarum L.) includes the availability of sugarcane seed both in quality and quantity. Evaluation of bud sett planting method in seed production was required in order to achieve the expected results. The study was conducted at the experiment station Muktiharjo, Central Java in 2012 using PSJT 941 varieties. Treatments applied were the different number of buds on bud sett which were at 3 levels, 1 bud, 2 buds or 3 buds. Research was arranged in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 5 replications. Observations were conducted on germination, tillering, plant height, number of stems, number of suckers and number of buds. The data obtained were analyzed with ANOVA and further tested using the Duncan test. Production assessment modeling approach was performed by a regression analysis. Calculation of stem number on 2 buds showed the highest with 9.6 stems/m, 9.2 buds/stem and with the sucker numbers lowest at 0.38 suckers/m. The highest production buds was obtained at planting 2 buds with 847,848.06 buds/ha which can be used as 8.83 ha for the milled sugarcane plantation. Assessment of bud production per hectare could use equation Y = 159655,48.e0,171.X with the independent variable of stem numbers per meter with a correlation coefficient of 0,9007 and a standard error of 1,0699.

This study aimed to determine the similarity of the characteristics of each type of organic matter in suppressing the solubility of iron in soil and absorption in plants. This research was conducted in two stages. The first stage was conducted in the greenhouse to study the effect of organic matter to iron solubility in acidic sulphate soil. The research used a factorial design with 1 control and 3 replications. The first factor was type of organic matter used, B1 = rice straw; B2 = weeds; B3 = Combination of 50% rice straw and 50% weeds. The second factor was the incubation period of organic matter I1 = 2 weeks, I2 = 4 weeks, I3 = 8 weeks, and I4 = 12 weeks. The second stage was analyzing the profiles of the type of organic matter in order to evaluate the similarity of the characteristics of each type of organic matter. Based on the profile alignment, it was found that the three types of organic matter were not aligned. The types of organic matter had different roles in suppressing the solubility of iron in soil and its absorption in plants. There is a need to do a comparative analysis with Tukey method to the three types of organic matter.

Development of rice for food self-sufficiency in the border region of Sambas regency is quite prospective. However, in the District Paloh rice productivity is still relatively low, allegedly due to inefficiency in the use of inputs. The aim of this study was to analyze the efficiency and income of rice farming in the village of Sebubus, Paloh district. The research method used was stohastic frontier of production function with OLS and Maximum likelihood (MLE). The study was conducted in the village Sebubus, District Paloh between May - June 2014. Sampling was done with Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. The data used was the cross section data obtained from interviews of 120 rice farmers. The Stohastic frontier of production function analysis was performed using the Cobb-Douglas models. The results showed that land, N fertilizer and K fertilizer significantly affected rice production at 95% confidence level. The results also showed that rainfed rice paddy was relatively efficient technically (mean efficiency of 0,81). Age of farmers was a source of technical inefficiency that significantly could improve technical efficiency. Characteristics of farmers such as age, education and experience could help farmers improve their technical efficiency of rice production. Rainfed rice farming in the village Sebubus was relatively favorable (profit of USD 4,099,582.50) and viable (the value of R/C ratio above 2,84 cash costs and the value of R/C ratio on total cost of $ 2,29).

Land conversion causes competition in land use, and thus it is necessary to select leading commodities based on agro ecological zoning (AEZ). This study aimed to determine the leading commodities of food crops in Bantul Regency agro ecological zone. This study was conducted on March 2015. The data used was time series data of food crops harvested between 2008-2012 and agricultural commodities zone maps year 2013 based on AEZ with scale 1:50.000 obtained from the Statistics of Indonesia, Agriculture and Forestry Office, and AIAT. Commodities with comparative advantages were analysed by Location Quotient (LQ) while commodities with competitive advantages were analysed by Shift Share Analysis (SSA). Leading food crops commodities were determined through an overlay process using the ArcGIS software covering analysis results of LQ, SSA and agricultural commodities zone maps based on AEZ with scale 1:50.000. The result showed that the wetland paddy is a leading commodity in the study area. Based on comparative and competitive advantages, and compatibility with agricultural commodities zone based on AEZ, wetland paddy is the most leading commodity compared to corn, soybeans and peanuts. It is because of the distribution of this commodity in 10 districts (Sanden, Kretek, Pundong, Bambanglipuro, Pandak, Bantul, Jetis, Banguntapan, Kasihan, and Sedayu) with total area of 11,667 ha or 39.4% of agricultural land in Bantul Regency

Implementation of Integrated Crop Management (ICM) on maize farming in dry land is expected to increase the production and efficiency. This study aimed to: 1) analyze technical, allocative, and economic efficiencies of dry land maize farming under ICM and non-ICM implementation program, 2) identify factors that influence the technical inefficiency of maize farming under ICM and non-ICM implementation program. The study was conducted in maize production center in West Java province at Sukabumi and Garut regencies. Stratified random sampling method was used to survey 300 households in 2015. The data were analyzed using the Cobb-Douglas stochastic frontier production function; while allocative and economic efficiencies were analyzed using the input side approach with frontier dual cost function. The results showed that the productivity of ICM maize farming was 18% higher than the non-ICM. The level of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of ICM maize farming were 88%, 22%, and 20% respectively, while the level of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies of non-ICM maize farming were 78%, 18%, and 14%, respectively. The level of technical, allocative and economic efficiencies increased by 11% to 30% higher in ICM than the non-ICM. Factors causing technical inefficiency were frequency of extension, educational level, and distance of farmland from farmers residence.

Pineapple, papaya and cempedak are horticultural commodities that are perishable, require large space, and are usually consumed in fresh form. Based on that, technologies are required for processing them, and one alternative is juice technology. To ensure that the juice is still suitable for consumption and unspoiled, information on shelf life is necessary. Method of estimating shelf life used is ASLT (Accelarated Shelf Life Test). This research was conducted at the Laboratory of The Indonesian Center for Postharvest Agricultural Research and Development between September 2012 – January 2013. Results showed that kinetics reaction in the deterioration of vitamin C in pineapple and pineapple-Cempedak juice followed order one reaction. At storage temperature ranging between 30 °C to -5 °C pineapple-cempedak juice showed a shelf life longer than the shelf life of pineapple and pineapple-papaya juices. The estimated shelf life of pineapple-cempedak juice at a temperature of -5 °C was 197.85 days. Shelf life of pineapple-papaya juice at a temperature of -5 °C was 172.39 days. Shelf life of pineapple juice at a temperature of -5 °C was 156.85 days.

The availability of water can not be separated from good tertiary irrigation network, apart from the available Secondary and Primary networks and also irrigation dams. Apart from funding, monitoring of JIT (Tertiary Irrigation Network) during the development and implementation is important. Identification of JIT condition is necessary for repairs, and problem frequently arise is the lack of rapid and accurate report from monitoring the condition. A rapid identification method that is simple, fast and accurate, provides an alternative in implementing the irrigation network monitoring. With a simple device that is Android-based mobile phone, equipped with a variety of applications, such as GPS Test, Open camera, GPS Photo Viewer and Photo folders, it is easier in monitoring of JIT. Results of monitoring in West Lombok using rapid method as an alternative, provided an option, better than the old method, with garmin gps, pictures with coordinates that can be sent directly, via social media, so that monitoring can be viewed simultaneously in the field and in the central office, monitoring information did not require a long time in the reports, and impact evaluation could be faster.

Paddy loss during harvest and postharvest handling is a complicated system involving many elements, and they are inter-connected. Therefore, to overcome these issues, appropriate and sustainable strategies should be implemented. The purpose of this study was to analyze the leverage factors that can overcome the problems of post-harvest losses of rice by a dynamic system approach as a basis in formulating policy strategy. This research was conducted in Indramayu, West Java, from January to December 2012. The methodology used in this research was modelling system approach. Primary data collection was conducted by a questionnaire survey and interviews with stakeholders and farmers as respondents. Secondary data collection was obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics Centre (Jakarta) and regional (West Java), Regional Agriculture Services, Regional Industrial and Trade Services, Regional Population and Civil Registration Agency, Center for Agricultural and Food Security Agency. The results showed that the reduction of rice losses could be approached in two ways: technical approach and cultural approach. The technical approach could be developed by implementing a quality management system such as GHP and GMP, while the cultural approach could be implemented by creating new jobs. Application of the quality system would also encourage the revitalization in rice milling so that it would increase the yield, and so the application of the quality management system would contribute greatly to the production of dry unhulled rice as well as rice in Indramayu. The implementation of this strategy must consider the ability and readiness of the district, so that the strategies could be more realistic and easier to be implemented. The simulation results showed that the implementation of the strategy by using harvest and postharvest equipments to be accompanied by the implementation of GHP and GMP, may decrease shrinkage ranging from 5.58% to 10.14%, or the equivalent of rescuing MPD from 61,240 to 115,859 tons in 2020.

Level of Auditee Satisfaction is important for the Inspectorate General of the Ministry of Agriculture, in order to identify the weakness of each dimension in delivering internal controlling activity and to determine the performance of internal controlling system in the Ministry of Agriculture. The objectives of this study are to analyze auditee satisfaction of internal control held by Inspectorate, to determine factors influencing auditee satisfaction, and to formulate strategies in increasing auditee satisfaction. Service Quality model was used to measure the perception of vertical institution under the authority of the Ministry of Agriculture on services received from Inspectorate. There were five dimensions that were measured, i.e tangibility, reliability, assurance, responsiveness, and empathy. Data were collected from 193 respondents. The study used Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and software LISREL for data processing. The result reflected that all variables were significantly correlated to each dimension of Service Quality instrument and significantly influenced auditee satisfaction. Satisfactions were measured through overall satisfaction, the function of internal control related with non audit activity and the quality of audit report. Tangibility was the most significant factor influencing auditee satisfaction.

Shallot is an important vegetable commodity for most Indonesian people. Shallots production is not yet able to supply the domestic consumption, and some is still met through imports. The challenge to produce shallots will be more complex, such as: the desire of consumers to high-quality products and environmentally friendly, as well as competition with similar products in the era of free trade. Based on these reasons, research has been done and the purpose of this study was to analyze the factors affecting shallots production, measuring the level of technical efficiency and economical efficiency. The study was conducted in Nganjuk District by taking 179 respondents from four sub districts. Interviews were conducted in October and November 2013, planting shallots April unti August 2013. Methods of analysis using the stochastic frontier production function to look at the effect of inputs on shallots production, followed by the analysis of technical efficiency (TE), allocative efficiency (AE) and economical efficiency (EE), and the final analysis of competitiveness using the Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM). The independent variable inputs consist of land (X1), seeds (X2), NPK fertilizer (X3), organic fertilizer (X4), labor (X5) and pesticides (X6). The analysis showed all independent variables significantly affected shallots production, where the value of the elasticity of the independent variable X2 is the highest, amounting to 0.2822. The analysis also obtained an average value of TE is equal to 0.808 means farmers are efficient, although there are farmers who are still not efficient. Although TE has been achieved, but is economically inefficient, because the average value of EE only 0.509. From PAM results it can be seen that farming shallots in this study has a competitive advantage but do not yet have a comparative advantage.

Most people in Maluku Islands have long used non-rice food consumption, especially tuber crops and maize. The development of diversification of non-rice food consumption certainly needs to be supported by the availability of adaptive crop cultivation technology to climate change. Cropping pattern is one of the appropriate steps for smallholder farmer to increase land productivity. An experiment of maize/peanut intercropping pattern had been conducted to determine optimum Nitrogen (N) rate for maize at different planting spacings in intercropping pattern with peanut in dryland of Makariki Village, Central Maluku. The experiments were arranged in a Split Plot Design with 3 (three) replicates. The main plot was maize spacing, namely: (i) J1 = 80 x 25 cm, 6 rows of maize, 2 rows of peanut, (ii) J2 = 160 x 25 cm, 3 rows of maize, 4 rows of peanut, and (iii) J3 = 240 x 25 cm, 2 rows of maize, 6 rows of peanut. The sub-plot was N rate (kg/ha), namely: (i) N0 = 0-0-0, (ii) N1 = 45-50-60, (iii) N2 = 90-50-60, (iv) N3 = 135-50-60, and (v) N4 = 180-50-60. The results showed that plant height, cob circle and yield of maize grown at different planting spacings in intercropping patterns in Makariki, Central Maluku affected by N fertilizer application. The application of N fertilizer increased growth and yield of maize by following a quadratic pattern. The use of maize spacing of J1 (80 x 25 cm) in intercropping with peanut requires the addition of the optimum N rate of 302 kg urea/ha, which gave the highest maize yield (t/ha) compared with other planting spacings.

Despite the well-documented model-simulated adverse climate change impact on rice yields reported elsewhere, interventions to address the issue seem to be still limited, particularly at local level. This links to the uncertainty that entails to climate projection and its likely future impact, which varies across regions and climate models. The study analyzes climate change-induced rice yield reduction and the adequacy of current adaptations, to cope with a large range of impact under various climate models. Seventeen General Circulation Models (GCMs) under Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) climate change with scenarios of RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, combined with CROPWAT model for near-future (2011-2040) and far-future (2041-2070) projections. The study was conducted in November-December 2013, in Ujungjaya Subdistrict, the District of Sumedang. The output confirms yield reduction to occur in the near-future, to the extent variable across the GCMs. At the highest estimation, rice yield decreases by 32.00% and 31.81%, in comparison to baseline, for near-future under RCP8.5 and RCP4.5, respectively. The reduction extends, with a slightly higher degree, to the far-future. The reduction is sensitive to variation in farming practices of the local farmers, in particular that in planting time and irrigation scheduling. The shifting of planting time to better match rainfall pattern reduces the rice yield by 12.95% for rainfed and 14.07% for the irrigated farming. Meanwhile, improved irrigation scheduling reduces the yield reduction by 16.16%. The findings provide valuable inputs for relevant authorities to understand the climate change-induced rice yield reduction, and to formalate intervention strategies for spesific-location adaptation.

Horticulture is one of the important commodities in the agricultural sector. Methods of horticulture data collection is continuously developed to meet the needs of planning, one of which is a method of counting clump (RC) to estimate the productivity of horticultural commodities. However, the method of the RC is still encountering difficulties in its application, one of the difficulties is in the observation of crops with multiple harverst, such as chili. Simulation was conducted through generating productivity data using 5 models on group productivity data using 5 models on group productivity of plot samples with the same general characteristics. Through the simulation approach, the results of this study indicate that the observations of only partial harvest (twice) can estimate well total observation of harvest, provided the harvest frequency is known.

Information technology based on cyber extension is one of agricultural communication tools to achieve farmers welfare. Cyber extension is a technology innovation to accelerate communication of agricultural information to the user , so that information can be obtained more quickly, precisely and relevant to farmer demands.The study aimed to analyze the effectiveness and behavior of farmers in using cyber extension as a medium of communication and information in support of agricultural development. The study method was survey with 86 farmer as sample respondents. The data were analyzed descriptively and using path analysis. The results show that the effectiveness of cyber extension is influenced by the farmer characteristics, farmers interaction and farmer perception. The effectiveness of cyber extension is the most strongly influenced by farmer characteristics (coefficient rate 0.328 ), and can be seen from the availability of information technology facilities and motivation of farmers to seek required information for farming activities. On the other hand, farmer's behavior is directly influenced by farmer perception and farmer effectiveness in using cyber extension. In addition, cyber extension is strongly effective to influence farmer behaviour with a coefficient of 0.413.

Cattle prices in Nusa Tenggara Barat tend to change in short time. It is difficult for farmers to predict price in the future. Price changes could affect farmers income. Therefore we need a method by which farmers could predict the price in order to make production decision. The purpose of this study was to predict of price based on the average price level for one year. This study used secondary data of cattle prices monthly, patterns of changes measured by index, then performed statistical analysis. The results of this study shows that the forecasting method used is only relevant to the pattern of price changes with a relatively similar pattern in a specified period. Price changes caused by external factors will have different pattern and causes greater deviation, so it can not be used to predict the price of cattles in NTB.

Most people in Maluku Islands have long used non-rice food consumption, especially tuber crops and maize. The development of diversification of non-rice food consumption certainly needs to be supported by the availability of adaptive crop cultivation technology to climate change. Cropping pattern is one of the appropriate steps for smallholder farmer to increase land productivity. An experiment of maize/peanut intercropping pattern had been conducted to determine optimum Nitrogen (N) rate for maize at different planting spacings in intercropping pattern with peanut in dryland of Makariki Village, Central Maluku. The experiments were arranged in a Split Plot Design with 3 (three) replicates. The main plot was maize spacing, namely: (i) J1 = 80 x 25 cm, 6 rows of maize, 2 rows of peanut, (ii) J2 = 160 x 25 cm, 3 rows of maize, 4 rows of peanut, and (iii) J3 = 240 x 25 cm, 2 rows of maize, 6 rows of peanut. The sub-plot was N rate (kg/ha), namely: (i) N0 = 0-0-0, (ii) N1 = 45-50-60, (iii) N2 = 90-50-60, (iv) N3 = 135-50-60, and (v) N4 = 180-50-60. The results showed that plant height, cob circle and yield of maize grown at different planting spacings in intercropping patterns in Makariki, Central Maluku affected by N fertilizer application. The application of N fertilizer increased growth and yield of maize by following a quadratic pattern. The use of maize spacing of J1 (80 x 25 cm) in intercropping with peanut requires the addition of the optimum N rate of 302 kg urea/ha, which gave the highest maize yield (t/ha) compared with other planting spacings.

A watershed has complex hydrological components and may be difficult to understand comprehensively. Modelling can be used to simplify and predict the processes which will happen. SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) is a model which can predict hydrology and simulate various processes in watershed.The objective of this research was: to analyse performance of SWAT model which predict discharge flow in upper Ciliwung watershed through calibration. Methods applied included analysis of the input data and calibration. The research was conducted in the period of June 2011 until June 2012. Based on the data of daily discharge flow in February and March 2008 and 2009, the calibration results showed values of R 0,80 and NSE 0,55. These results described that SWAT model can be used to predict hydrological processes in upper Ciliwung watershed.Prediction of hydrology could be used as the base to manage land agriculture towards sustainable agriculture.

The combined analysis of variance is a method to analyze the interaction between treatments and the environments, conducted in farmers' fields. The combined analysis of variance across locations based on the assessment data of organic and inorganic fertilizer is with the model Yijk = u + Li + δik + Tj + ( LT ) ij + εijk conducted in Gowa from April to August 2012. The combined analysis can be applied as a test method of fertilization on farmers land that have different characteristics as to accommodate the influence of the land, treatments, and their interactions. The use of combined analysis of variance reveals the real effect of a single factor of fertilization, land factors, and their interaction, to several yield components, but to the component of growth there was no interaction between the two. It can be seen that the combined application of organic manures with inorganic fertilizers can increase rice production. Interaction between land 1 ( L1 ) with organic fertilizer of 5 t / ha + 200 kg Urea/ha + 300 kg NPK / ha ( T4 ) gave the highest paddy production (8,23 t / ha).

High genetic diversity in chili is the basis for a chili breeding program. One of the methods to increase diversity is through crossing. There are several crossing designs in order to produce new varieties, such as diallel crossing. Diallel analysis is a method for studying the inheritance of characteristics from various crossings. The aim of this research was to estimate the genetic parameters, the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) of six inbred lines of chili. The research was conducted in November 2008-May 2009 at the Experimental Farm Leuwikopo IPB. Genetic materials used were six inbred lines of chili (IPB C2, IPB C9, IPB C10, IPB C14, IPB C15 and IPB C20) and the F1s of the combination of six inbred lines. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block Design with a single factor, namely genotype. The number of genotypes were 36 with three replications, so there were 108 units of experiment. The crossing design used was diallel crossing design. The results showed that there were no interaction between genes on the dichotomous height and fruit weight, significant additive effects, the control genes spread unevenly, and relatively high heritability values. Genotype which carried recessive genes the most was IPB C14 and genotype which carried the most dominant genes was IPB C10. IPB C10 showed the highest GCA for dichotomous height and IPB C2 showed the highest GCA on fruit weight. The crossing between IPB C2 x IPB C10 showed the highest SCA for dichotomous height. For fruit weight, crossing of IPB C2x IPB C14 had the highest SCA. Crossing combination of IPB C2 x IPB C14 was the best hybrid.

The Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD) has the mandates of creating and disseminating agricultural technology innovations. The dissemination process of the agricultural technology innovations has not yet been maximized, and consequently not many people (farmers) can benefit from the R&D results. Technology innovation dissemination through a web portal has become IAARD’s choice. Problems related to dissemination through a web portal is in the method of presenting and managing the information in the web site. This research aimed to determine the benefits of dissemination of agricultural technology innovation through web site and policy strategies for the development of Balitbangtan web portal in the future. This research used a descriptive method to review the use of the web portal by the visitors, as a medium for the dissemination. The analysis included the number of visitors, profile of the visitors, information search and questions submitted by visitors. The study showed that the amount of information presented every year increased, but the number of visitors tended to decrease. The use of information given in the web portal was only dominated by students and private sectors. Java Island tended to dominate the origin of visitors. Packaging of the information of agricultural technology innovation can only be understood by researchers. Information support from researchers/extensions/engineers needs to be improved. A well-developed communication between the source of information and the user has not yet been established. The development of IAARD web portal needs to pay attention on philosophy, science, and art.

In an effort to reduce yield losses of melon especially during period of storage, distribution, and marketing, an effective treatment is needed. A common technique is to process melon into nata de melon. The aim of the research was to determine the physical and chemical quality of nata de melon during storage. The experiment was conducted in the Laboratory of the Indonesian Center for Agricultural Post Harvest Research and Development from July 2010 until February 2011. The design used was a completely randomized (CRD) factorial design, with two factors i.e. sucrose (6%; 8%; and 10%) and ammonium sulfate (0%, 0.4%, 0.6%, and 0.8%) with two replications. The data was analyzed using parametric and non-parametric analyses. The results showed that 8% sucrose treatment was more effective in increasing yield, thickness, fiber content, firmness and flavor than other sucrose concentrations in nata de melon production. Additional treatment of ammonium sulfate 0.8% was more effective in increasing yield, thickness, fiber content, and elasticity compared to other concentrations of ammonium sulfate in nata de melon production. In general, a treatment combination of 8% sucrose and 0.6% ammonium sulfate can produce nata de melon better. Processing into nata de melon may prolong shelf life and increase the added value of melon.

Garlic is widely used as a herbal medicine. In order to support the empirical use and improve its application in food safety, this study was conducted to test the antibacterial activity of garlic against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. Garlic was used in the form of fine powder. Garlic powder then dissolved in sterile distilled water and squeezed to obtain garlic solution with a concentration of 50%, 25% and 12.5%. Antibacterial activity of garlic juice was tested by diffusion method using paper disc to determine diameter of bacterial growth inhibition zones. Screening results demonstrated that the chemical constituents of garlic powder were saponins, flavonoids and triterpenoids. Garlic powder has antibacterial activity to Gram-positive S. aureus and Gram-negative bacteria E. coli, S. typhimurium and P. aeruginosa. Garlic has antimicrobial potential and can be used as decontaminant against Escherichia coli to maintain quality of food safety such as meat.

The statistical method for measuring rice productivity by the CBS is based on sample frame of households. At the implementation of this method, problems were encountered in terms of accuracy in the spread of the sample, the result is often debatable in applying the method in the field survey. To answer these problems, a survey of rice productivity has been developed through land survey framework approach or the method known as Area Frame Method. The purpose of this survey was to test the frame methodology for measuring frame rice productivity, and compare the results of the survey area rice productivity using area frames with the household listing conducted regularly by the CBS. The development of this method was expected to be used for problems that arise in the current method by considering the geographical conditions, the type of irrigation and government policies in order to increase production. Frame Area method has been tested in Cianjur (in 2012) and Garut (in 2013) in the province of West Java. Number of Mesh (land area 1,000 m x 1,000 m on the map ) in Garut was 120 Mesh. Each mesh was divided into five plots, so that the number of plots in Garut were 600 plots. Selection of sample plots was done by combining Systematic Random Sampling and Simple Random Sampling. The results of the trial method in the area of Garut showed that the productivity of upland and lowland rice were statistically significantly different as well as there were differences in the productivity of irrigated and non-irrigated lands, and there was no difference in the productivity of paddy land as recommended by the government with the conventional. However, the results of statistical tests on rice productivity of Area Method with the official method of CBS in Garut were not significantly different. This may imply that the sample selection method for measuring current productivity (CBS Method) can still be used, but it needs refinement to make the distribution of the samples stratified by altitude, stratification by type of irrigation and by the involvement of farmers who joined a government program

Development of maize varieties tolerant to drought is very important to extensification program in dry maginal lands, especially outside Java. The research objective was to evaluate the agronomic performance, genetic variabilities and heritabilities of hybrid maize top crosses at Probolinggo and Gowa during dry season. A randomized complete block design with two replications was applied to each location. The combined analysis of variance showed that hybrid x location interaction was significant for harvesting date, corncob length, 1000 grain weight, and highly significant for flowering date, leaf curling, husk cover aspect, corncob aspect, plant harvested, weight of corncob harvested and grain yield. The genetic variance was considered broad for grain yield, weight of corncob harvested, shalling percentage, number of grain rows per corncob, and corncob aspect. Heritability values in combined location analysis were high for shalling percentage; medium for grain yield, weight of corncob harvested, shalling number of grain rows per corncob and corncob aspect; but for the other characteristics they were low. Low selection intensity (≥ 10%) can be applied in this generation (S2), but strong selection intensity (≥20%) can be applied in the next generation (≥S3).