Stem cells are unique and highly powerful cells, which have immense potential for treating various conditions. There are different types of stem cells based on the sources they are derived from and also based on their ability to differentiate into other types of cells. The detailed study of stem cells is important for scientists to understand how the cells grow and differentiate, and how the human body works on a cellular level. In addition to the research interest in stem cells, the clinical applications of stem cells are increasing constantly. Stem cells can be induced to change into new cells of specific tissues or organs, which can then be used for treating diseases. There are already a few established stem cell therapies, and many more in clinical trials.

Background and Objectives: The present study was designed to assess the antileprotic effectiveness of some bioactive natural compounds towards enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase inhibition. Leprosy still constitutes a global pandemic in spite of long years of discovery. The current therapy option is multi-drug treatment using a combination of Dapsone, Rifampicin and Clofazimine. However, mycobacterium leprae counteracted by mutating the drug targets which necessitates the search for novel targets. One such target is enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase that mediates the fatty acid biosynthesis. Materials and Methods: Multiple (14) ligands of natural origin were drawn from PubChem database and their ADMET parameters were preicted using ADMETLab 2.0 webserver. After, the ligands were docked against the enzyme (PDB ID: 2NTV) at its active site using iGEMDOCK software. Results: ADMET parameters of the tested ligands proven to be accepted by Lipinski's rule of five except for two ligands. Furthermore, molecular docking results revealed that all of the tested compounds showed better binding energy than the reference drug Dapsone. The best of which was silymarin. Conclusion: The tested natural ligands have the capability to control M.leprae.

The foremast threats to human health from heavy metals are related with use tobacco when inserted in the human body by smoking ( shisha and cigarette ) or chewable like shammah which is harm of health. The tobacco species have been collected from different places, natural or included in the installation of some of the species sold in the markets. The samples were analyzed by wet digestion method and standardized. International protocols were followed for the preparation of material and analysis of heavy metals contents and analyzed by Inductively coupled plasma spectrometer Model-Varian720 ES in center Laboratory in Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, and Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University (KAU). Results obtained using ICP-OES technique for determination of heavy metals in Tobacco products. Through this study the results were shown the heavy metals which found in tobacco samples is clearly. the objective of the study showing the concentrative the heavy metals in tobacco and compared with levels of heavy metals allowing in the World Health Organization (WHO ). What the results indicate is the seriousness of the presence of heavy metals, which cause serious diseases such as cancer and failure in most organs. The use of tobacco should be abandoned.

The non-coding elements that control transcription are found in the chromatin structure of organisms. Recent findings identify the non-coding regulatory elements (e.g., enhancers, silencers, promoters) that control transcription and examine their respective protein interactions. The multiple topological environment limitations, including interactions of promoter-enhancer and specific enhancer-bound proteins with variable promoter compatibility, begin to shape a picture. These transcription factors and co-factors contribute to various expressions based on which enhancers and promoters are found inside sequences. A novel trait of transcription factors and co-factors establishes nuclear microenvironments or membranes compartments with phase-separated liquid characteristics. These settings are capable of enriching some proteins and tiny molecules at the expense of others. To better understand gene regulation

The mitochondria perform an essential role in cellular metabolism by acting as a cellular energy powerhouse. It is also involved in several biological processes such as cell metabolism, stress signaling, calcium homeostasis, and reactive oxygen species(ROS) and apoptosis. Maintaining cellular physiological function is strongly dependent on mitochondrial quality control. mitochondrial malfunction will lead to various disorders. For this review, we evaluate the current understanding of the molecular mechanism of mitochondria quality control, which might also serve as an asset for organisms' health and the prevention of disease

Global energy security, as well as environmental concerns, are major motivators for increased biomass usage around the world, especially in developing countries like Pakistan. Developing countries are experiencing a severe energy shortage. To fulfill its energy needs, the country spends about $7 billion per year on fossil fuel important benefits from nearly 159 million animals producing nearly 652 million kg of manure per day, which can be used to generate 16.3 million m3 biogas per day and 21 million tons of biofertilizer annually. In the year 2000, the Pakistani government launched the Biogas Support Program (BSP). It has already installed 1200 biogas units and plans to install another 10,000 in the next five years, Nearly a quarter of the country's biogas capacity comes from this area. The cost of conventional fuel is projected to be 92,062 PKR per year for a biogas unit with a 10 m³ range. The implementation of biogas units is said to have increased women's opportunity costs, resulting in a positive effect on household income. The demand for biogas renewable energy systems is strong, and the number of these systems is steadily increasing. They are simple to implement and can be completed on a shoestring budget. For the 70% of the country's population who live in rural areas, a biogas energy corridor may be a viable alternative. An additional alternative is to build plants to bottle biogas. The government should formulate a policy that allows for the delivery of this technology to farmers' doorsteps. The article outlines the overall progress on Pakistan's existing biogas use scenario, as well as the potential for biogas and fertilizer, as well as the economic advantages of biogas over conventional fuels. This is the first time anything like this has happened, and it's great to see findings announced with such precision.

In Nigeria, rural inhabitants often resort to herbal remedies and dietary control for the treatment and management of various forms of diabetes mellitus. This study was conducted to provide the rationale for the use of Psidium guajava leaves as a potent traditional anti-diabetic remedy. The crude leaf extracts of n-hexane, methanol, and ethyl acetate of Psidium guajava were separately prepared by cold maceration. Then, ethyl acetate crude extract of Psidium guajava leaves was fractionated by column chromatography to yield ethyl acetate bulked fractions: EF-I (1-75), EF-II (76-150), and EF-III (151-250). The n-hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions (EF-I, EF-II and EF-III) were evaluated for anti-diabetic activity in alloxan-induced diabetic mice. The blood sugar levels of treated and untreated alloxan-induced diabetic mice were assayed as indices of anti-diabetic effect. The phytochemical constituents of both crude extracts and ethyl acetate fractions of Psidium guajava leaves and the mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract of Psidium guajava were determined. The mean lethal dose (LD50) of ethyl acetate crude leaf extract was calculated to be 1500mg/kg b.w. The results indicated that oral administration of ethyl acetate, n-hexane, methanol crude extracts, and ethyl acetate bulked fractions of Psidium guajava leaves at a dose of 100mg/kg b.w on treated groups exhibited much significant[p<0.001, p<0.01and p0.05] anti-hyperglyceamic activity for the reduction in blood sugar levels compared with the negative and positive control groups. The anti-diabetic potency of the crude leaf extracts and ethyl acetate fractions were in the order; EC>HC>MC>EF-I>EF-II>EF-III. The results of phytochemical screening of the crude extracts and ethyl acetate bulked fractions showed the presence of tannins, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, terpenoids, glycosides, and steroids while reducing sugar was absent. The results from this study gives credence to the use of Psidium guajava as an anti-diabetic agent in the management of diabetes mellitus.

This study deals with the in-vitro experimental analysis of different generic antibiotics and season based honey, sensitivity against isolated bacteria. The characterization of bacteria isolated from the frozen hilsa is done through various biochemical reactions The antibacterial sensitivity of honey and antibiotics are evaluated through zone of inhibition analysis of bacterial colony. So, it is obvious that this experiment provides providential values for future research including food value analysis.

Azadirachta indica phytochemicals are found to be effective against malignant growth and hostile to bacterial properties. In the specific examination, the coupling proficiency of five mixes that are available in the Azadirachta indica with all the eleven proteins through in silico techniques was completed. Plant removes harmful compound instigated injury by expanding the body's degrees of cell reinforcement particles. For example, they affect the glutathione, and improving the action of cancer prevention agent chemicals. About 549 cells treated with Azadirachta indica ethanolic separated in various hours (6, 12, 24 and 36 hours). After 36 hours, the cells development was controlled. There are re-established interests in home grown based meds to hinder the results of manufactured medications, Azadirachta Indica L. A leaf contains phytochemical intensifies that has all freer revolutionary rummaging just as anticancer exercises.

Nowadays, natural substances are increasingly used in organic synthesis for their safety aspects towards the environment. That is why we identified a natural substance through which it promoted the organic reaction, and it could be sustainable and from plant sources obtained, and through this natural substance, it promotes the synthesis of dihydropyridine and its derivatives under solvent-free conditions. We have resorted to this method, being economical, free of minerals and solvents, to create highly functional dihydropyridine derivatives. It is promoted by the water extract of dragon Fruit (WED) at a temperature of (800C) . these (WED) promoted reactions are found to afford high yield for the desired products and this method is Protocol an alternative to the current procedures.

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), a newly emerged infectious disease caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has recently become pandemic. Although several therapeutic options are currently available for the treatment of COVID-19, no effective antiviral agents have been developed yet. Many countries follow the strategy of keeping the patient in good state and count on his own immune system to develop an effective immune response. Since the beginning of the pandemic, many previous therapeutic options have been used in COVID-19 treatment including antiviral, non-antiviral drugs and convalescent plasma-based therapies. This review delivers comprehensive illustration of the current therapeutic drugs that have been used for COVID-19 treatment all over the world since the pandemic starts.

Using microwave oven nowadays has become necessary due to the need for speed in our daily activities. It is widely used in hating, thawing, and even cooking of food. It has been also used in sterilization and decontamination of food from microorganisms. This study aimed to evaluate thermal and non-thermal effect of a regular house holding microwave oven on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Bacterial suspension is exposed to microwave radiations in different strength and durations and compared to unexposed cultures. During microwave treatment, non-thermal effect is evaluated by putting the suspension crushed ice. The results indicate that the viability of both gram positive and negative was highly reduced with thermal effect of microwave radiations, leading to complete inactivation at three minutes. Non-thermal microwave radiations were also able to cause change in the microbial viability of both tested organisms on at least two-exposure occasion. The evaluation of antibiotic susceptibility before and after microwave radiations treatment indicate that antibiotic resistance was highly increased to tested antibiotics specially after three-minute exposure, except for Staphylococcus aureus to Amoxicillin, which became more sensitive. Microwave radiations reported to have a strong activity in eliminating the number of microbes but, it may have an important role in development of antibiotic resistance that should not be ignored.

This study evaluates the synergistic antioxidants effects of extracts of Massularia acuminata and ascorbic acid in aluminum chloride-treated oxidative stress in wistar albino rats with a view to investigate the preventive potential of co-administration of Massularia acuminata and ascorbic acids. The in vivo antioxidant properties of the extract were evaluated using in vivo catalase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay by standard methods via spectrophotometry. The in vivo studies were carried out on rats, grouped majorly into positive control, negative control and the treated groups. The positive control group was administered with normal saline (distilled water) orally, while the negative control group was orally induced with the toxicant (aluminium chloride). The treated group was orally administered with the extract after toxicant administration. Ascorbic acid was used as standard antioxidant in the study. The effects on enzymatic antioxidants and lipid indices were evaluated. Forty healthy Wistar rats sub-grouped into ten (10) groups were induced with aluminum chloride. Some rats were treated with ascorbic acid which is a well-known antioxidant, while others were treated with various extracts of Massularia acuminata (Pako Ijebu) at various doses. The experiment is designed as follows: in Group 1, animals were used as control group. Animals in Group 2 were the toxicant-treated groups administered with AlCl₃ (34 mg/kg body weight). Ascorbic acid treated groups are the standard control (group 3) administered with 200 mg/kg body weight. Animals in Group 4 were co-treated with AlCl₃ and Ascorbic acid (34 mg/kg aluminum chloride and 200 mg/kg body weight of ascorbic acid). Animals in group 5 were co-administered with ethanolic extract (50 mg/kg body weight) of Massularia acuminata and AlCl₃ (34 mg/kg body weight), respectively. Animals in group 6 were also co-treated and administered with ethanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (100 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl₃, respectively. Experimental animals in group 7 were equally co-administered with methanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (50 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl₃, respectively. Animals in group 8 were co-administered with methanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (100 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl₃, respectively. Group 9 animals were co-administered with butanolic extracts of Massularia acuminata (50 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl₃, respectively. Group 10 experimental animals were also co-administered with butanolic extract of Massularia acuminate (100 mg/kg body weight) and AlCl_3, respectively. At the end of the experiment, the animal was sacrificed after three weeks by cervical dislocation after they were immobilized using chloroform. Results show that ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Massularia acuminata contain antioxidant properties. Both doses of ethanolic extract dose (50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg body weight) group of methanol extract also reduced the level of MDA but not as ascorbic acid group. Both doses of methanolic extract of Masssularia acuminata act contrariwise from other extracts in that they show the highest level of malonaldehyde even more than AlCl_3. The results of superoxide dismutase (SOD) assay test in this study show that the control group, ascorbic acid combined with AlCl₃ group, 50 mg/kg body weight of ethanolic extract. Both doses of methanolic extract groups have the same comparative value of SOD. The group treated with toxicant (aluminum chloride) and ascorbic group has similar relative value. The group treated with 50 mg/kg body weight of butanolic extract shows the highest value of superoxide dismutase activity that follow closely by 100 mg/kg of ethanolic extract group. The study concluded that Massularia acuminata, like ascorbic acids, can induced antioxidant enzymes such as SOD and CAT in aluminium chloride-induced oxidative stressed rats. It may therefore be used to protect the body against any pathological attacks from free radical and oxidative insults.

A new virus strain spreading from person to person is the novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Before you get sick, the diet's role in fostering a healthy immune system starts. Promoting a healthy immune system by eating a regular high-quality diet would make it quicker and easier to fend off disease. Immune function plays an important role in micronutrients and antioxidants, such as iron, zinc, vitamin D, vitamins A, E and C, and phytochemicals, including beta-carotene. A well-working immune system against diseases as COVID 19.

Pharmacovigilance or drug safety is defined as science and actions related to diagnosis, evaluation, understanding and avoidance of harmful effects or any other problems related to drugs. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) may be caused by intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, underlying medical conditions, interactions and wrong usage. Adverse drug reaction (ADR) may be caused by intrinsic factors, extrinsic factors, underlying medical conditions, interactions and wrong usage. ADR causing intrinsic factors include the active ingredients in the drug itself. In Saudi Arabia, the National Pharmacovigilance Center (NPC) was established in March, 2009 as a semi-autonomous department of Saudi Food and Drug Authority (SFDA). The purpose of NPC was to perform early detection of ADR and safe use of drugs. We need pharmacovigilance because animal experiments and clinical trials performed before marketing are insufficient evidence of drug safety.

Background: Exposure to Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is one of the most common occupational diseases among the providers of the health care services. During the course of their clinical work; Health Care Workers (HCWs) are at risk of acquitting HBV infection or transmitting it to their patients. Vaccination for medical personnel against HBV in Yemen Republic is recommended but not strictly enforced. Detection of the viral hepatitis B surface antigens (HBsAg) is one of the accurate and cheap methods to assess HBV prevalence. This method is used in this study to assess HBV prevalence among HCWs in Taiz; to in order to improve on methods of interventions to control this infection among them. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess the vaccination status and the seroprevalence of HBsAg among HCWs in Taiz; Yemen republic. Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted through the period between January and March, 2018, and from April and July, 2019, in the part of Taiz City; Yemen Republic belonging to legitimate authorities. 362 HCWs were included in this study and are selected through repeated casual visits to hospitals and medical centers. A questioner was made to get information on the participants’ characteristics and their vaccination status, medical hestory and risk factors for HBV transmission. Five ml venous blood was then collected from every participant to assess HBsAg. Results: the overall vaccination percentage was 21.54% (27.5% in male and 17.9% of female). The seroprevalence of HBsAg was 2.76%, all vaccinated participants were HBsAg negative. Needle stick and sharp object injury was an important risk factor of HBV infection.

In secret laboratories various synthetic or semi-synthetic amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) are produced and processed. Stimulants of the form of amphetamine (ATS) are the second most common illegal drugs used worldwide, following cannabis. ATS production has increased worldwide, particularly from the Middle East. Fenethylline (CaptagonTM), a derivative of amphetamine, is commonly marketed as a street drug. Objective: this research aimed at applying gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (GC / MS) for fenethylline profiling of confiscated samples from the Saudi market. Methodology: The study of GC / MS was conducted on a general-purpose column (30 mm 0.25 mm i.d) filled with 0.25 mm cross bond, 5% diphenyl dimethyl polysiloxane (Rtx-5MS). The mass was worked in the process of impacting the electron. Results and discussion: Analyzed samples showed positive results for amphetamine in concentrations ranging from 0.07 to 43.02 percent of the substance in 60 percent of the samples. Caffeine was also present in 60 per cent of the samples at levels between 0.61 and 60.31 per cent. In the MS of the other active compounds were recorded in different proportions. Lastly, the presence of other substances in fenethylline samples may contribute to intoxication.