Bu çalışma, Eğlenceli atletizm çalışmalarının ilkokul 1. sınıf öğrencilerinin motor gelişimine katkısını incelemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. İstanbul ilinin Beykoz ilçesinde bulunan Defterdar Mehmet Bey İlkokulundan rastgele yöntemle seçilmiş olan iki farklı şubede toplam 54 öğrenci çalışma grubu ve kontrol grubu olarak ayrılmıştır. Tüm öğrencilere 7 istasyondan oluşan eğlenceli atletizm parkuru uygulanmıştır. Bu istasyonlar sırası ile; slalom, durarak önce sıçrama, duvara top fırlatma ve yakalama, merdiven geçişi, öne takla, tünel geçişi ve dengedir. Elde edilen verilerin çözümlemesi SPSS 21.0 paket programında yapılmıştır. Verilere ait tanımlayıcı istatistikler hesaplanmış, non-parametrik test olan Mann Whitney U ve Wilcoxon testleri uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubunun ön test ve son test verileri arasında parkur süresi dışında anlamlı bir farklılık görülmezken, çalışma grubunun ön test ve son test verileri arasında anlamlı farklılık görülmektedir ve kontrol grubu ile çalışma grubunun son testleri arasında çalışma grubunun lehine anlamlı farklılık görülmüştür. Sonuç olarak eğlenceli atletizm çalışmalarının ilkokul 1.sınıf öğrencilerin motor becerilerine olumlu bir katkı sağlandığı gözlemlenmektedir.

Literatüre bakıldığında sporun kişiye hem biyolojik hem de psikolojik olarak etkileri yadsınamayacak kadar fazla olduğu görülmektedir. Sporun kişiye kazandırdıklarının yanı sıra ülkelere pazarlama imkânı yaratma, tanıtma, markaların değerini artırma gibi etkilerle yerel ve bölgesel kalkınmayı desteklemede önemli bir araç haline gelmiştir. Bu nedenden birçok ülkenin de yaptığı gibi Türkiye‘ de spor organizasyonlarına ev sahipliği yapmak için organizasyonlar için gerekli alt yapıyı sağlamaya uğraş vermektedir. Yapılan bu çalışma mega spor etkinliklerinin yapıldığı kent ve ülkeler üzerinde bıraktığı etkileri incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi modeli benimsenmektedir. Bu bağlamda konu ile ilgili kaynaklar arşiv olarak taranıp bir araya getirilip incelenecektir. Doküman analizinde veriler sistematik olarak toplanır, incelenir ve değerlendirilir. Bu bağlamda konu ile ilgili geçmişte yapılmış bilimsel çalışmalar, istatistiksel bilgiler, matematiksel veriler göz önüne alınmıştır. Elde edilen verilere baktığımız zaman mega spor etkinlikleri hızlı bir şekilde izleyici sayılarını arttırmıştır. Bunun neticesinde mega spor etkinliklerinin yapıldığı kentlerde spor turizmi gelişmiştir. Aynı zamanda kentler sosyo-ekonomik anlamda birçok etkiyi hissetmiştir. Mega spor etkinlikleri için yeni yapılan spor salonları hem kentlere olumlu etkiler yaratmış hem de istihdam alanında önemli bir yer tutmuştur. Bunların yanında spor sponsorlukları ve spor ile ilgili yan paydaşlar mega spor etkinliklerinden önemli derecede etkilenmiştir. Sonuç olarak mega spor etkinlikleri organize edildikleri kentlere çok farklı yönlerden önemli birçok etkide bulunmaktadır. Özellikler uzun vadede ülke tanıtımı, sporcu gelişimi, sporda tesisleşmeyi destekler nitelik de olumlu etkileri olabilmektedir. Bunlar spor sponsorluğu, istihdam, tesisleşme ve sporun yan paydaşları olarak sıralanabilir. Bu sebeplerden ötürü bu tür organizasyonların ülkemizde yapılması için planlı bir şekilde gelişme hedeflenmelidir.

Bu araştırmanın amacı; üniversite öğrencilerinin serbest zamanlarda sıkılma algısı, internet bağımlılığı ve algılanan sosyal yetkinlik düzeylerini bazı değişkenlere göre incelemek ve bu üç değişken arasındaki ilişkiyi test etmektir. Kolayda örnekleme metoduyla ile seçilen toplam 430 (217 kadın ve 213 erkek) üniversite öğrencisine “Boş Zamanlarda Sıkılma Algısı Ölçeği (BZSAÖ), “Young İnternet Bağımlılığı Testi- Kısa Formu” (YİBT-KF) ve Algılanan Sosyal Yetkinlik Ölçeği (ASYÖ) uygulanmıştır. Verilerin analizi için t-testi, MANOVA ve basit korelasyon testleri kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre, cinsiyet değişkenine göre sadece “BZSAÖ”nin “doyumsuzluk” alt boyutunda kadın katılımcılar lehine sonuçlar elde edilmiştir. Katılımcıların düzenli fiziksel aktiviteye katılma durumlarına göre “BZSAÖ”, “ASYÖ” ve “YİBT-KF”daki puanlarında anlamlı farklılaşmaya neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Korelasyon testi sonuçlarına göre, örneklem grubunda “BZSAÖ” “ASYÖ” ve “YİBT-KF” puanları arasında düşük düzeyde anlamlı ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kadın katılımcıların serbest zamanlarını zamanlarını yöneten veya serbest zamanlarının psikolojik ödüllerinin farkında oldukları söylenebilmektedir. Bununla birlikte, fiziksel aktivite katılımının düşük sıkılma algısı, yüksek iletişim becerisi, sosyallik ve çevrimiçi keşif davranışı sağladığı düşünülmektedir.

Bu çalışma, rekreasyonel bir etkinlik olarak Ultra Trail (patika koşusu) organizasyonlarına katılan bireylerin serbest zaman tatmin düzeylerini incelemek amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma grubunu basit seçkisiz örnekleme yöntemi ile Salamon Cappadocia Ultra Trail organizasyonundan seçilen 313 kişi oluşturmaktadır. Çalışmada kullanılan kişisel bilgiler formu araştırmacı tarafından oluşturulmuştur. Kullanılan veri toplama aracı ise Beard ve Ragheb (1980) tarafından geliştirilen ve Karlı ve ark. (2008) tarafından Türkçe’ye uyarlanan “Serbest Zaman Tatmin Ölçeği” dir. Araştırmada elde edilen veriler SPSS 20.0 programı kullanılarak analiz edilmiştir. Verilerin normal dağılım gösterip göstermediği Kolmogrov-Smirnov testi ile analiz edilmiş ve normal dağılım göstermediği anlaşılmıştır. (p<0,05). Araştırmanın bulguları incelendiğinde, cinsiyet değişkenine göre erkek katılımcıların; medeni durum değişkenine göre ise bekâr katılımcıların serbest zaman tatmin puanlarının daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca 29-38 yaş grubunda olan katılımcıların serbest zaman tutum ölçeği psikolojik alt boyutu toplam puan sıralamaları diğer gruplara göre anlamlı şekilde yüksektir.

Mevcut araştırma, lisanslı olarak spor yapan ve yapmayan üniversite öğrencilerinde sağlıklı yaşam becerileri ve yaşam doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin incelenerek sağlıklı yaşam becerilerinin yaşam doyumu üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma nicel araştırma tekniklerinden ilişkisel tarama modeline göre tasarlanmıştır. Araştırmaya tesadüfi örnekleme yöntemine göre seçilen 249 üniversite öğrencisi katılmıştır. Katılımcılar Hatay Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Yüksekokulunda öğrenim görmektedir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak Genç ve Karaman (2019) tarafından geliştirilen “Sağlıklı Yaşam Becerileri” ölçeği ve Dağlı ve Baysal (2016) tarafından uyarlanan “Yaşam Doyum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde Pearson Korelasyon ve basit doğrusal regresyon analizlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre sağlıklı yaşam becerileri ile yaşam doyumu arasında pozitif ilişkiler olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca sağlıklı beslenme ve sağlıkla ilgili kaynaklara ulaşma her iki grupta da yaşam doyumunun yordayıcısı durumunda iken, sağlığa verilen önem ve sağlık önceliği sadece lisanslı olarak spor yapan katılımcılarda yaşam doyumunu yordamaktadır.

Çalışmada 4 hafta boyunca submaksimal düzeyde egzersiz yapan sedanter bireylerde kefir tüketiminin vücut kompozisyonuna etkisinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma deneysel bir çalışma olup çalışmaya 32 sedanter birey gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Gruplar deney ve kontrol grubu şeklinde rastgele seçilmiştir. Her iki grupta aynı anda egzersiz yapmaya başlanmış ve egzersiz protokolü 4 hafta boyunca submaksimal düzeyde sürmüştür. Ölçümler 4 haftalık egzersiz programında ön ve son test olacak şekilde iki defa alınmıştır. Katılımcıların aerobik uygunluk düzeyleri Karvonen formül ile hesaplanmış ve sonuçlar doğrultusunda egzersiz protokolü oluşturularak gün aşırı uygulanmıştır. Egzersiz süresi ortalama 60- 90 dakika; ısınma, kardio çalışmaları ve ağırlık çalışmaları olarak planlanmıştır. Kontrol grubuna egzersizin yanı sıra protein oranı yüksek bir beslenme programı uygulanırken, deney grubuna da ekstra günlük 500 ml kefir eklenmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde; tanımlayıcı istatistiklerden, bağımsız grup t-testi ve bağımlı grup t-testi tek kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, gruplar arası zamana bağlı yüzde değişimler “%Δ= (Son Test-Ön Test) /Ön Test*100” formülü kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda bağımsız grup T-testi sonucunda deney ve kontrol gruplarının kilo, bel çevresi, kas oranı, yağ oranı ve BMI ön test puan ortalamalarında anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiştir (p>.05). Bağımlı T-testi sonuçlarında ise deney grubunda aynı parametrelerde ön-son test puan ortalamalarının karşılaştırılması sonucunda anlamlı farklılık olduğu, kontrol grubunda da anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmiştir (p<.05). Fakat grup içi BMI değişimlerine bakıldığında kefir grubundaki değişimlerin daha yüksek oranda olduğu gözlenmiştir.

Bu çalışma, spor bilimleri fakülteleri mezunu kadınların istihdam ve işsizlik deneyimlerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Sporda kadınlara ilişkin literatürün çoğu, toplumsal cinsiyet çalışmalarının bir parçası olarak feminist teori bakış açısıyla yazılmıştır. Burada kadınların spor endüstrisindeki istihdam ve işsizlik deneyimlerinin analizinde makroekonomik parametreler ve emek teorilerine öncelik verilmektedir. Farklı bölüm, şehir, üniversite ve yaştan 22 kadınla Zoom programı üzerinden online olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşmeler yapılmıştır. Nitel araştırma yöntemi kullanılmış ve belirlenen temaları ortaya çıkaran deşifre edilmiş görüşmeler üzerinde içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde ortaya çıkan temalar; istihdam ve işsizlikte eğitim hayatının rolü, cinsiyetin istihdamı ve işsizliği şekillendirici rolü, istihdamda ücret ve sosyal güvence sorunsalı ve işsizlik deneyimleri, torpil algısı ve işgücü politikaları şeklinde sıralanmaktadır. Hemen hemen her katılımcı kendilerini iyi yetiştirmeleri durumunda eşit istihdam olanaklarına erişim hali sağlanabildiği sürece iş bulabileceklerinin altını çizmiştir. Ayrıca her biri, tüm alanlarda iş bulma konusunda spor sektörünü çevreleyen temel sorunun torpil olduğuna dikkat çekmiştir. Kadınlar, işlerinde çoğunlukla fiziksel çalışmaların yanı sıra ev işleri ve çocuk bakımıyla da zorlamaktadır. Kamuda iş bulma konusunda sınırlamalar, özel sektörde ise özellikle ücretler açısından engellerle karşı karşıya kalmaktadır. Bu da kadınların ya yıllarca işsiz kalmasına ya da düşük ücretlerle sigortasız işlerde çalışmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu çalışma, kadınların sporda şeffaf ve eşit bir geleceğe sahip olmaları için politikalarda, belediyelerde, federasyonlarda, spor kulüplerinde ve üniversitelerde yapılması gereken yapısal değişikliklere dikkat çekmektedir.

Bu çalışma, Uşak Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin halk oyunları dersine karşı tutumlarını cinsşyet ve yaş değişkenleri bakımından incelemek amacı ile yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya Uşak Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi, Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliği, Antrenörlük Eğitimi ve Spor Yöneticiliği Bölümlerinde öğrenim gören, zorunlu ve seçmeli olarak “Halk Oyunları” dersi alan 79’u erkek (%57,4), 57’ si kadın (% 42,6) olmak üzere toplamda 136 öğrenci katılım sağlamıştır. Çalışmada öğrencilerin halk oyunları dersine yönelik tutumlarını ölçek için Turan (2015) tarafından geliştirilen “Halk oyunları dersine yönelik tutum ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Ölçek 13 madde ve tek faktörlü yapıyı desteklemektedir. Veriler SPSS. 22 paket programda bağımsız örneklem t testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi testleri ile çözümlenmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre katılımcıların halk oyunları dersine yönelik tutumları cinsiyet değişkenine göre anlamlı bir farklılık gösterirken, yaşa göre bir farklılık göstermemektedir. Sonuç olarak mevcut çalışma kadın öğrencilerin halk oyunları dersine yönelik daha pozitif bir tutuma sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Sosyal etki bireylerin yaşamlarını etkileyen herhangi bir dış etken olarak görülmektedir. Organizasyonlar, etkinlikler, faaliyetler gibi toplumsal aktiviteler bireylerin yaşam kalitesi üzerinde bir etki bırakabilmektedir. Sportif etkinlikler doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak toplumda yaşamını sürdüren bireyleri etkilemektedir. Bu doğrultuda sporu sosyal bir etki olarak ele almak mümkün olabilir. Sporun toplumlarda yer alan bireylerin fiziksel ve ruhsal sağlığını etkilemesi sporun bir sosyal etki olduğunun göstergesi olabilir. Bu bağlamda spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin sosyal etki düzeylerinin incelenmesi çalışmanın amacını oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel tarama modeli benimsenerek tasarlanmıştır. Çalışma grubu belirlenirken, "Kolayda Örnekleme" yönteminden yararlanılmıştır ve gönüllü olarak katılım sağlayan 287 kişi örneklem grubunu oluşturmuştur. Çalışmada veri toplama aracı olarak ‘sosyal etki’ ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Örneklem grubunu oluşturan öğrencilerden elde edilen veriler IBM SPSS 25.0 paket programı kullanılarak istatistiksel işleme tabi tutulmuştur. Sosyal etki ölçeği toplam puan ortalamaları ile cinsiyet, aktif spor yapma durumu ve bölüm değişkenleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık tespit edilmemiş olması çalışma bulguları arasında yer almaktadır. Aktif spor yapan öğrencilerin aktif spor yapmayanlara göre sosyal etki puanları daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Beden Eğitimi ve Spor Öğretmenliğinde öğrenim gören öğrencilerin sosyal etki ölçeğinden elde etmiş oldukları toplam puan ortalamaları Spor Yöneticiliği ve Antrenörlük Eğitimi bölümü öğrencilerden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Erkek öğrencilerinin sosyal etki ölçeğinden elde etmiş oldukları toplam puan ortalamaları kadın öğrencilerden yüksek bulunmuştur.

This study aimed to examine the task and ego orientations and the level of commitment to sports according to the perceptions of the athletes about the leadership type of the trainers. A total of 310 amateur basketball players, 205 men, and 105 women constituted the research group. As the data collection tools, in addition to a questionnaire containing items about personal information, task and ego orientation scale, and levels of sports engagement scale were used. Since the data were not normally distributed (p<0.05) as a result of the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, the Mann-Whitney U test was used for binary variables and the Kruskal-Wallis H test for groups with more than two variables. Looking at the research findings, a statistically significant difference was found (p<0.05): According to gender, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation, the sub-dimension of task orientation and the main dimension of sports engagement; according to the duration of playing basketball, in the main dimension of sports engagement and the sub-dimensions of vigor and dedication; according to educational status, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation, sub-dimension of task orientation, main dimension of sports engagement, vigor and dedication sub-dimensions; according to family income, only in dedication sub-dimension of sports engagement; according to the place of residence, only in dedication sub-dimension of sports engagement; according to the leadership types of trainers, in the main dimension of task and ego orientation and ego orientation sub-dimension. The following conclusions were reached: The task and ego orientations of women and their level of sports engagement are higher than men; those who played basketball for 3-4 years had a higher level of sports engagement than others; the task and ego orientations of secondary school graduates and their level of sports engagement are higher than those of primary school graduates; those with a family income of 7501 TL and above have a higher level of dedication in the sub-dimension of sports engagement; those living in the district have a lower level of dedication in the sub-dimension of sports engagement than those living in villages, towns, and city center; the task and ego orientation levels of the athletes with charismatic trainers were higher than those with democratic, authoritarian and liberal trainers.

The aim of this research is to examine the perspectives of special education centers on adapted physical activity applications. In this qualitative study, which was designed in a phenomenological pattern, the criterion sampling method, one of the purposive sampling methods, was used. In line with the determined criteria, the study group of the research consists of 10 (ten) special education center administrators who implement adapted physical activity programs in Ankara. Personal information form and semi-structured interview form were used as data collection tools in the research. In the research, face-to-face interviews were conducted with the administrators of special education centers in the study group. The data were analyzed using the content analysis method. In order to ensure reliability in the research, Miles and Huberman's (1994) reliability formula was used and it was found to be .85. According to the research findings; The fact that adapted physical activity applications in special education centers contribute to individuals with physical, psychological, social and academic needs plays an important role in including these practices. In addition, it is seen that the provision of adapted physical activity services is an important factor in the preference of individuals with special needs by their parents. In this respect, it is stated that centers include adapted physical activity practices in their curricula and create the content of existing applications in line with the needs of individuals. It is seen that centers give importance to field arrangement, equipment selection and selection of qualified trainers for adapted physical activity practices. As a result, it can be said that adapted physical activity in special education centers contributes a lot to individuals with special needs, and adapted physical activity applications are important in choosing centers.

The purpose of this study was to investigate secondary school students' perceptions of leisure boredom in the distant education process according to variety of demographic factors. The study was designed as a quantitative cross-sectional study. The study sample was consisted of 214 secondary school students from Tavşanlı district of Kütahya province, who were chosen using the appropriate sampling method and willingly participated in the survey. The personal information form created by the researchers and Leisure Boredom Scale adopted into Turkish by Kara, Gürbüz, and Öncü (2014) was used as the data gathering tools. The data were analyzed using the SPSS 20 package program using independent samples t test and one way Anova. According to analyzed results, although there was no significant difference in the “satisfaction” sub-dimension of the participants’ scores according to gender and class variable (p>0.05), there was a significant difference in the “boring” sub-dimension (p<0.05). Besides, while there was a significant difference in the "satisfaction" sub-dimension (p0.05), according to the participants with and without a student club membership, and the time spent on the Internet. It was observed that the participants who had difficulty in evaluating the leisure time had differences in both sub-dimensions of satisfaction and boredom (p<0.05).

The present study aimed to examine the purchasing styles of consumers buying sports products, driven consumer innovation and the effect of perceived risk on purchasing. This research was designed according to the quantitative research model and the relational survey model was used. The research group consists of university students in Turkey. The research group consists of university students in Turkey. Group formation was carried out by criterion sampling method, which is one of the non-random sampling methods. In this context, the sample group of the research consists of 520 university students, 242 women and 278 men, who use sports products. In the research, a four-part face-to-face and online survey collection method was used as a data collection tool. In the research, "Personal Information Form" was used to determine the demographic characteristics of the participants. In addition, “Consumers' Decision-Making Styles Scale”, developed by Sproles and Kendall (1968) and adapted into Turkish by Dursun, Alnıaçık and Tümer (2013), in order to determine consumers' decision-making styles, in order to measure motivated consumer innovativeness “Motivated Consumer Innovativeness Scale” developed by Vandecasteele and Guenes (2010) and adapted into Turkish by Özoğlu and Bülbül (2013), The Perceived Risk Scale, developed by Stone and Mason (1995) and adapted into Turkish by Özoğlu and Bülbül, was used to measure the risks perceived by consumers during purchasing. The data obtained in the study were analyzed through the SPSS program. When the research findings are evaluated, it is seen that there are low positive and negative relationships between the variables of monthly spending on sports products and consumers' decision-making styles, motivated consumer innovativeness and perceived risk factors. In addition, it is seen that there is a positive, low and moderately significant relationship between consumers' decision-making styles and motivated consumer innovativeness and perceived risk, as well as between perceived risk and motivated consumer innovativeness.

Among those who play tennis, there is a subculture that spends a lot of effort on this sport. This article focuses on revealing the effect of the sense of freedom perceived by the tennis players in this group on their life satisfaction. 293 athletes from different regions participated in the research. Descriptive research method was used to collect the data and analyzes were made with SPSS 22 package program. There was no statistical difference according to gender, age, experience and occupation demographic variables. Marital status and not having an athlete's license affect perceived freedom. Singles and those without a license experience a greater sense of freedom. Another finding is that having an athlete's license has a positive effect on life satisfaction. The results obtained can be discussed in terms of being carried out in different provinces. By increasing the number of sports facilities, participation in tennis can be increased.

The purpose of the research was to examine the views of physical education teachers on value expectations in physical education and sports activities. The study was designed as a qualitative research and interview method was used in the research. The research group consisted of 21 physical education teachers (13 Male, 8 Female) who were selected according to the convenient sampling method in 2019-2020 Academic Year in Hatay province. Research data were collected through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. In the research, the data were evaluated by content analysis method. According to the results of the research, it was determined that most of the physical education teachers expected their students to exhibit behaviors towards sportive virtue in cases of winning and losing, and some others expected their students to always be on the winning side. Besides, it was determined that physical education teachers stated that moral values were more important in sports tournaments held between schools and provinces, and that both material and moral values were an inseparable whole.

Bu çalışmada, spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin liderlik yönelimlerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Katılımcıların liderlik yönelimleri; cinsiyet, yaş, sınıf, lisanslı spor yapma durumu ve liderlik dersi alma değişkenleri bakımından incelenmiştir. Çalışma Grubunu, 2021-2022 eğitim-öğretim yılında Gazi Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 171’i kadın, 154’ü erkek olmak üzere toplam 325 öğrenci oluşturmaktadır. Katılımcıların liderlik yönelimlerinin belirlenmesinde Dursun, Günay ve Yenel (2019) tarafından geliştirilen Çok Yönlü Liderlik Yönelimleri Ölçeği (ÇYLYÖ) kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizine geçilmeden önce normallik testi yapılmış ve verilerin normal dağıldığı görülmüştür. Verilerin analiz edilirken, ikili karşılaştırmalar için “Bağımsız Örneklemler için T-testi”, ikiden fazla grubun bulunduğu karşılaştırmalarda ise “Tek Yönlü Varyans Analizi” testi yapılmıştır. Katılımcıların liderlik yönelimleri ile yaş değişkeni arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek için “Pearson Korelasyon” analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; öğrencilerin liderlik yönelimleri ile liderlik dersi alam değişkenleri arasında anlamlı bir farklılık saptanmıştır. Ayrıca, yaş ve liderlik yönelimleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Fakat liderlik yönelimleri ile cinsiyet, lisanslı spor yapma ve sınıf değişkenleri arasında ise istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılaşma yoktur.

Takımlar, taraftarlarıyla bütünleşerek büyüyüp, gelişmeye çalışır. Taraftarlar da takımlarıyla özdeşleşir ve gönülden bağlanır. Ayrıca futbol, seyirci ve taraftarları mutlu eden unsurlar barındırır. Takımının alacağı galibiyet, seyirci ve taraftarlarını mutlu eder. Bu çalışmanın amacı, futbol taraftarlarının takıma psikolojik bağlılık, fanatiklik ve mutluluk düzeylerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesidir. Bu araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden betimsel ve ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Çalışmanın örneklemini Türkiye profesyonel futbol liglerinde mücadele eden takımlardan herhangi birinin taraftarı olan ve gönüllü olarak çalışmaya katılan 1285 futbol taraftarı oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak araştırmacılar tarafından hazırlanan kişisel bilgiler anketi, Takıma Psikolojik Bağlılık Ölçeği, Futbol Taraftarı Fanatiklik Ölçeği ve Oxford Mutluluk Ölçeği Kısa Formu kullanılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında toplanan veriler pandemi koşulları nedeniyle yalnızca Google Formlar aracılığıyla elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde SPSS 25.0 paket programı kullanılmıştır. Veriler, normal dağılım özelliklerine uymadığı için verilerin analizinde non-parametrik testlerden Mann-Whitney U testi ve Kruskal Wallis testleri kullanılmıştır. Farkın kaynağını tespit etmek için çoklu karşılaştırma testlerinden faydalanılmıştır. Ölçekler arasındaki ilişkinin tespit edilebilmesi için Spearman Korelasyon Testi uygulanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, katılımcıların %45’inin taraftar, %29,4’ünün futbolsever, %25,6’sının ise fanatik olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Fanatik olanların diğerlerinden, erkek katılımcıların kadın katılımcılardan, takımının taraftar grubuna üye olanların olmayanlardan, takımının tüm maçlarını izleyenlerin izlemeyenlerden takıma psikolojik bağlılık, fanatiklik ve mutluluk düzeylerinin daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Katılımcıların fanatiklik düzeyleri ile psikolojik bağlılık düzeyleri arasında pozitif yönlü ve orta düzeyde bir ilişki tespit edilmiştir. Fanatiklik düzeyleri ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasındaki ilişki ise yine pozitif yönlü olmasına rağmen düşük düzeydedir. Psikolojik bağlılık düzeyleri ile mutluluk düzeyleri arasında da pozitif yönlü düşük düzeyde bir ilişki olduğu tespit edilmiştir.

Mevcut araştırmanın amacı Spor Bilimleri Fakültesi Öğrencilerinin empatik eğilimleri, karar verme stilleri ve iletişim becerilerinin arasındaki ilişkileri tespit etmektir. Araştırma grubunu Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde öğrenim gören 370 gönüllü öğrenci oluşmaktadır. Çalışmada veriler araştırmacılar tarafından oluşturulan kişisel bilgi formunun yanı sıra Melbourne Karar Verme Ölçeği I-II, Empatik Eğilim Ölçeği ve İletişim Becerileri Ölçeği ile toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde istatistiksel paket programı kullanılmıştır. Katılımcıların kişisel bilgilerinin dağılımları yüzde ve frekans yöntemleri ile belirlenmiştir. Verilerin dağılımı Kolmogorow-Smirnow testi ile belirlenmiş ve bağımlı değişkenler arasındaki ilişkilerin tespitinde Spearman Korelasyon testi kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonuçlarına göre kadın katılımcıların empatik eğilimleri ile iletişim becerileri arasında negatif yönde ve zayıf bir ilişki tespit edilirken, karar verme stilleri ile pozitif yönlü zayıf ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Buna karşılık erkek katılımcıların empatik eğilimleri ile iletişim becerileri arasında anlamlı bir ilişki tespit edilemezken, karar verme stilleri ile negatif yönlü zayıf ilişkiler tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak mevcut çalışma hem kadın hem de erkek spor bilimleri fakültesi öğrencilerinin empatik eğilimleri, karar verme stilleri ve iletişim becerileri arasında çeşitli ilişkiler olduğunu göstermiştir. Fakat ortaya çıkan sonuçların derinlenmesine incelenmesi için daha fazla araştırmaya ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır.

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Nevşehir ve Kırşehir il merkezi ve taşrada görev yapan beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmenlerinin mesleki tükenmişlik düzeylerini belirleyerek, farklı değişkenler açısından incelemektir. Araştırmanın örneklem gurubunu Nevşehir il merkezinde 53 taşrada 62, Kırşehir il merkezinde 65 taşrada 45 olmak üzere toplam 225 beden eğitimi ve spor öğretmeni oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada verileri toplamak amacıyla, araştırmacı tarafından geliştirilen kişisel bilgi formu ve 22 maddeden oluşan “Maslach Tükenmişlik Envanteri Eğitimci Formu” kullanılmıştır. Veriler analiz edilirken verilerin normal dağılım göstermediği belirlenmiş olup hipotez testleri parametrik olmayan testler kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, beden eğitimi ve öğretmelerinin mesleki tükenmişleri arasında merkez ve taşrada çalışma değişkeni açısından duyarsızlaşma alt boyutunda, medeni durum değişkenine göre duygusal tükenme alt boyutunda, görev yeri, cinsiyet ve mesleki hizmet yılı değişkenleri açısından ise duyarsızlaşma alt boyutun da anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur.

This research included 11 female professional Ethiopian elite distance athletes ranging in age from 21 to 37 years old, who run at Olympic Games, World Champions as well as in the platinum and gold label status road races. According to the WA labeling system, among the 11 samples of the runners 63.63% (7/11)) are platinum, and 36.37(4/11 are Gold Label Status runners. For a long time, Ethiopian athletes have dominated long-distance races across the world. The goal of this research was to learn about some of the physical and physiological features of elite Ethiopian female long-distance runners. Each athlete's height, weight, BMI, body composition, fat percentage (percentage of body weight), VO2 max, cooper test, exercise and resting heart rate, skinfold thickness, and blood pressure were all recorded and tabulated on the table. According to my research, living and training at high altitude, high-intensity training type, Vo2 max, running economy, low BMI, lower skinfold thickness, lower body fat percentage, and ectomorphic body composition make Ethiopian athletes so good. The VO2max of Ethiopian elite women long-distance runners competing at the international level ranges from72.6 to 81.9 ml/kg/min. The 12-minute running test (Cooper test), covers an incredible distance, ranging from 3750 m to 4200 m for women.

The aim of this study was to investigate of the effects of 12-week recreative exercise programme on body weight, hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, elasticity and body composition of female. A total of 67 females, 32 subjects and 35 controls, participated in the study voluntarily. The mean age of the subject group is 43.12 ± 11.17, the control group is 36.82 ± 9.82 years. The first measurements were made before the exercise program of the subject group and the second measurements were made on the end date of the exercise program. Body weight, hand grip strength, back strength, leg strength, elasticity, push-ups, sit-ups and body fat measurements were measured depending on the exercise program of the subject group female and control group females. The obtained data were used t-test, with p 0.05), the differences between the body fat measurement values of the females in the subject group were obtain to be statistically significant (p <0.05). After the 12-week recreational exercise program, there exist differences emerged in the participants in terms of physical, physiological and anthrepometric characteristics, depending on the exercise program applied as a result of the measurements taken from the subject group females before and after the exercise. Consequently, it was observed that the recreational exercise program improved the physiological and anthropometric characteristics of the subject group females.

The concept of Connectedness to Nature, which has been frequently mentioned in recent years and is the most important milestone for sustainable understanding, has become the focus of various disciplines and fields of study. In this context, our study aims to contribute to the literature that will form a basis for the relationship between nature and sports by measuring the dependence of individuals who do the physical activity outdoors. The sample group of the study consists of 241 participants who come to do sports on certain days of the week in Ankara. "Connectedness to Nature Scale" adapted to Turkish by Bektaş, Kural, and Orçan, (2017) was used to determine the level of commitment to nature of the participants. The Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the whole of the scale was found to be 88, and t-test and variance analysis methods were used to determine the dependency of the participants to nature according to their demographic information. The participants were examined, it was found that 34.9% were women and 65.1% were men. When their dependence on nature according to gender is examined, no statistically significant difference was found (t = -, 446 p> .05). When the frequency of physical activity of the participants is evaluated, doing physical activity continuously creates a positive effect on the connectedness to nature. As a result, as the amount of physical activities increases in open areas, the connectedness to nature will increase.

Like most of his works Jack London, a socialist working-class writer, adopts a critical approach in his sports-themed works. His novels and short stories concern the capitalist sports system and the competitive structure of modern sports, which began to be institutionalized in the early twentieth century, through a socialist point of view. His short story “A Piece of Steak”, which presents a section from the life of an aging boxer, is one of those works. In this study, the aforementioned short story has been analyzed through the sociology of literature. Social facts pointed out through the literary text about the life struggle of a boxer by Jack London and sociological themes related to inequalities and social conflicts have been put forward. Getting old, which means poverty, hunger, and exclusion from the social system for a professional boxer is the main theme of the story. The association of capitalism and sports, competitive market values, social inequalities, oppressed classes, poverty, and alienation are depicted through the lifestyle of a boxer in the work. The narration of modern sports, which stands out with its entertainment characteristics, as a social reality dependent on capitalist mechanisms is presented through a sports worker. In the final analysis, sports find a place as a social field that reflects and reproduces the social reality, conflicts, and the economic logic of its society in the literary text in which London displays his critical approach.

A number of factors such as family, audience, manager and competition environment influence prosocial and antisocial behaviors and moral decision-making attitudes in sports. In this context, the aim of the study was to investigate the relationship and effect of the coach-athlete relation on moral decision-making attitudes and prosocial and antisocial behaviors. Correlational survey model was adopted in this study. The sample of the study consisted of 246 licensed male football players, who were between 14-17 years old, in Elazığ, Bolu, Ankara and Gaziantep in the 2019-2020 season. The average age of the players was M=15.17±0.7. Four scales were used to collect data: “Personal Information Form”, “Attitudes to Moral Decision-making in Youth Sport Questionnaire 2”, “Interpersonal Behaviors Questionnaire in Sport” and “Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sports Scale”. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis were used in data analysis. Autonomy-supportive in interpersonal behaviors in sports, keeping winning in proportion in moral decision-making attitudes, and prosocial behavior of teammate in prosocial and antisocial behaviors were found to have higher mean scores compared to other sub-scales. In addition, a positive significant relationship between interpersonal behavior in sports, moral decision-making attitude and prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sports and the age variable was found. Interpersonal behavior in sports explained 68% of the total variance in prosocial behavior as well as 45% of the total variance in antisocial behavior. Finally, it was found that interpersonal behavior in sports explained 3% of the total variance at the level of keeping winning in proportion in moral decision-making attitudes. As a result, ıt was concluded that the relationship and effect of the coach-athlete relationship on moral decision-making attitudes and prosocial and antisocial behaviors in young football players was statistically significant.

Present study aimed to examine the state and trait anxiety levels of athletes engaged in archery competitions in terms of some variables. The research was carried out by using cross-sectional scanning model, which is one of the descriptive research approaches. The research population consisted of the athletes who participated in the Archery Championships. The sample of the research consisted of a total of 142 athletes, 59 women and 83 men, who voluntarily agreed to participate in the research among the athletes participating in the Championship. In the research, data were collected via Spielberger's Trait-State Anxiety Inventory. The data were analyzed by SPSS 23. Since the data did not show normal distribution, analysis was performed using non-parametric tests. Kruskal Wallis test was used in multiple comparisons and Mann Whitney-U test was used in comparisons between the two variables. Significance level was taken as p 0.05) however, there were significant differences according to age and education variables (p <0.05).

In this study, it was aimed to examine the body composition, anthropometric and strength parameters of level cadet male cyclists at the national team level and to evaluate the relationship between the body composition, anthropometric and strength parameters. A total of 28 cadet male cyclists (age: 14.92±0.76, height:170,52±5.54, weight:60.47±5.59) participated in the study. Anthropometric characteristics of the subjects; height, body weight, body fat percentage, body mass index, skinfold thickness were measured, body fat percentage was determined using the “Yuhasz” formula, and motoric characteristics such as right and left handgrip strength, back strength and leg strength were measured. The analysis of the data was made in the SPSS statistical program and evaluated with the Pearson Correlation test. The result of the study, body fat percentage (8.949±1,104) and body mass index (20,786±1.555) were found. It was determined that the right handgrip strength (42,553±5,862), left handgrip strength (40.535±5,864), back strength (119,839±15,442) and leg strength (134,125±21,833) of the cadet cyclists were found. In addition, when the difference between handgrip strengths of the cyclists was examined, it was seen that the right hand was dominant. While there was a significant and positive correlation between body weight and right & left handgrip strength and back strength (r=0.478, p=0.01; r=0.405, p=0.032; r=0.409, p=0.031); it was determined that there was no correlation between body weight and leg strength (p>0.05). In addition, while there was an average significant and positive correlation was found between body mass index and only right handgrip strength (r=0.417, p=0.027), it was found that there was no significant correlation between age, height, fat ratio and strength parameters (p>0.05). As a result; this study showed that cadet cyclists have good hand grip, back and leg strength, and there is a significant correlation only between body weight and handgrip strength values, among the anthropometric characteristics. However, it was determined that there was no significant correlation between and anthropometric characteristics and leg strength, which is important for cyclists.

In this study, the sports and social experiences of female volleyball players were examined in terms of gender perspective. Volleyball, which stands out as a sport specific to women in the social perception has been problematized in terms of the social experiences of female athletes. The study was conducted with a qualitative method. Semi-structured in-depth interview was used as the data collection tool and was designed according to the phenomenological pattern. Accordingly, 15 female athletes between the ages of 30-67 who had at least 10 years of volleyball sports experience between 1980-2019 were interviewed. Document analysis was used as an auxiliary data collection technique. The research findings are divided into six themes. These themes are; ‘Women’s volleyball in Turkish sports history, Social perception and legitimization forms of the female volleyball players body, the positioning of volleyball as a feminine sport branch, “Sultans of the net” as a local identity and representation style, Social institutions and female athlete experience: socialization forms between volleyball and household (family) and Mobbing, harassment and abuse in volleyball. As a result of the analysis of the findings, it was seen that there were differences and continuities between generations in the socialization processes of volleyball women due to gender relations. Women’s volleyball in Turkey in the early stages of volleyball is encoded through the assessment specific to bodies and women’s sporting performance remains in the shadow of female sexuality. Today women are more successful in the volleyball than men. This situation leads to the legitimization and coding of volleyball as a feminine sport branch through gender stereotypes. Throughout the history of Turkish sports, it is seen that different forms of representation have been attributed to volleyball women by the media. According to our research, these forms of representation are placed in social perception with the “naked calf”, “Atatürk’s daughters” and “Sultans of the net” discourse respectively. Today the “Sultans of the net” discourse is widely used in all social institutions in Turkey. This has led to the transformation and institutionalization of this discourse into a local and national identity represented by women volleyball players in Turkey. It is seen that the discourse is also internalized by volleyball players. Although being a volleyball player in Turkey positively affects women’s social identity and status in the context of economic freedom and public visibility, it cannot free women from the hierarchy of the patriarchal structure in domestic roles. Volleyball women are often exposed to mobbing and harassment from coaches and managers.

The level of identification of the fans with their team and their perceptions of the team image are essential in order to understand the position of the team in the eyes of the fans. In this direction, this study was conducted to determine the level of identification of Sakaryaspor fans with their team and to reveal their perceptions of team image. The study was designed as a quantitative cross sectional study. The study sample consisted of 300 Sakaryaspor Fans. The Sports Fan Identification Scale developed by Wann and Branscombe (1993) and adapted to Turkish by Günay and Tiryaki (2003), and the Club Image Scale developed by Jung (2012) and adapted into Turkish by Sönmezoğlu, Çoknaz and Polat (2016) were used as data collection tools in the research. Besides, 10 item quastionnaire prepared by the researchers were added to the data collection tool to identify the demographic information of the participants. The data were collected via Google Forms due to the pandemic. SPSS 25.0 was used in the analysis of the data. Independent Samples T Test and Anova were used in the analysis as the data showed normal distribution. Post hoc tests were used to determine the source of the difference. Besides, Pearson Correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between the level of identification with the team and the perception towards team image. As a result of the research, it was seen that Sakaryaspor fans' level of identification with the team and their perceptions of the team image were at a moderate level. Moderate level positive (r=.532) and significant relationship (p<.05) was found between Sakaryaspor fans' perceptions of the team image and their level of identification with the team. It was observed that the level of identification with the team and the perception of the team image of the fans who went to home matches and who went to away matches and who were the members of their team's fan group or who had a high number of watching seasonal matches were higher than the other participants.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of a 9-week strength and endurance training on the aerobic performance of female basketball players. The study group consisted of athletes (n=15 mean age=16±0.7) who are actively competing in the basketball development league (BGL). Before any assessment informed consent form obtained from the parents of the athletes. In the study, additional strength (10 days) and endurance (20 days) trainings were applied to the existing basketball trainings for 9 weeks. The 30-15 Interval Fitness Test was applied to the athletes in different time periods, 9 weeks before and after the program, and the data were recorded statistically. In the study, as the data showed a normal distribution parametric statistical tests were used. As a result of the study, it was found that there was a significant difference p<0.05 in the values ​​of running distance and maximum aerobic speed (MAS), as well as significant differences in the body weight, body mass index and height of the athletes.

IThere were two main objectives of the current research. The first aim was to determine the levels of loneliness, communication skills, and digital game addiction of sports faculty students. The second aim was to determine the relationship between the loneliness and communication skill levels of students and their digital game addiction levels and to examine whether the students' being addicted to digital games created a differentiation between loneliness and communication skills. The data of the study were collected through the "Personal Information Form", "Digital Game Addiction Scale (DGAS), "UCLA Loneliness Scale" and "Communication Skills Scale. The data of 378 students who filled out the scales completely were evaluated for the study. In the analysis of the data, first, in line with the average scores of the answers given by 378 students to the scales; in addition to descriptive statistics, T-Test was used for two independent groups, Kruskal Wallis H-Test was used for groups of three or more. Pearson correlation analyzes were used to determine the direction of the relationship between the variables. Data were tested at α= 0.05 significance level. The findings of the study showed that the digital game addiction levels of students were at high levels. Parallel to this finding, 153 (40%) of 378 students were found to be addicted to digital games. The digital game addiction level (D.O.B.D) of the students studying in the recreation department was found to be significantly lower than the students studying in the coaching and management department. There was a negative, weak and significant relationship between the students' D.O.B.D and their loneliness levels. Despite this situation, whether the students were addicted to digital games or not wasn't seen as an effective factor in loneliness and communication skills. The results were compared with current studies in the literature and suggestions for future studies were presented.

Athletes have to cope not only with their opponents but also with many psychological factors for success. The aim of this study is to test the validity and reliability of the "Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale” developed by Rossato, Uphill, Swain and Coleman (2018) for Turkish culture. The psychometric properties of the scale were tested on 75 female (27.3%) and 200 male (72.7%), total 275 (average age= 17.91±2.82) athletes. There are a total of 12 items and 2 subscales in the original of the Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale. To test the construct validity of the scale in Turkish culture, explatory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis was applied. Internal consistency co-efficients were calculated for each subscale of the measurement tool. As a result of the confirmatory factor analysis, it was seen that the Turkish version of the scale, as in the original scale, consisted of 11 items and 2 subscales: "challenge" and "threat". It was fastened down that the factor loads of the items that make up the scale varied between .40 and .81. According to the confirmatory factor analysis results, it was calculated as χ2 / df = 2.64, GFI = .94, AGFI = .90, CFI = .94, IFI = .94, SRMR = .07 and RMSEA = .07. Cronbach Alpha internal consistency coefficients of the scale were calculated as .84 for the "threat" subscale and .80 for the "challenge" subscale. As a result, it can be said that the psychometric properties of "Turkish Challenge And Threat In Sport Scale" is an adequate measurement tool to evaluate the challenge and threat levels of competing athletes in various branches.

This study aimed to explore the narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy levels of athletes in different branches (wrestling, tennis, football, swimming) according to various variables. The study was designed as a cross-sectional quantitative study. The convenience sampling method was used to determine the research sample. One hundred ninety-two (192) athletes who do sports in different branches in Istanbul participated in the study. In the study as the data collection tool, the Dark Triad Trait scale was used. Descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, independent samples t-test, and ANOVA statistical techniques were used to analyze the data. According to the findings obtained in the study, it was seen that there were significant differences in the comparison between the age, gender, educational status, and economic status of the athletes and the dark triad sub-dimensions. Besides, there was no significant difference in the comparison made by the athletes according to the branch they were interested in. As a result of the research, it was seen that the mean scores of Machiavellianism and narcissism of the athletes were at high levels, and the levels of psychopathy were moderate. In addition, it was determined that there was a high level of positive correlation between the athletes' narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy levels. Based on this result, it can be said that athletes with high levels of Machiavellianism exhibit acts of self-interest and deception, while high levels of narcissism tend to be arrogant, insensitive, and incapable of empathy. It was estimated that the cause for these behaviors of the athletes was the result of their efforts to achieve success and goals.

Olive has many important pharmacological activities such as anticancer, hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, anti-inflammatory and anticancer because of its phenolic compound content. Due to its importance, it is grown in many regions, especially in the Mediterranean region, and studies on it are continued. In addition, olives are important components in the daily diet of a large part of the world's population. Nutrition is an important part of the preparation of active people and athletes for exercise. Athlete nutrition, on the other hand, is a special nutrition program prepared for the development of both the training of the athletes and their athletic performance during the competition, according to the sports branch they are doing. It is very important to include foods with important pharmacological activities that will also benefit the athlete's activities in this nutrition program. In this study, antioxidant activity studies were carried out on olive leaves, which were collected from Ödemiş, İzmir and dried under suitable conditions. Accordingly, DPPH and ABTS capacities and total phenolic content that supports these activities were determined. As a result of the experiments, the EC₅₀ value for the DPPH capacity of the olive leaf extract used in the study was determined as 16,774 ± 0.25 µg/mL, the ABTS capacity was determined as 73.625 ± 0.49 µmol/g and the total phenolic content was determined as 39.26 ± 1.12 mg gallic acid equivalent / g. With this study, which will also contribute to the literature studies, the importance of olive in the sports nutrition program has been emphasized.

This study was conducted to examine the academic motivations of students studying at the Faculty of Sports Sciences according to personality 410 students studying in the third and fourth grades of the Faculty of Sports Sciences of Muğla Sitki Koçman University, Physical Education and sports teaching, Recreation, Sports Management and coaching education departments formed the research working group. A total of 27 items were to personality types and 20 of which were related to academic motivation. The " A and B personality scale “developed by Friedman and Rosenman and adapted to Turkish by Aktaş and Arikan and the” academic motivation scale “developed by Bozanoğlu (2004) and consisting of three sub-dimensions were used to measure academic motivation. Analysis of the data was carried out in SPSS 22 program. According to the results of the normality test conducted with the Shapiro-Wilk test, it was observed that the lower dimensions of the academic motivation scale used in the study and the personality types scale were not normally distributed. The research also used the Mann-Whitney U test for comparing binary variables and the Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing multiple variables. Correlation analysis was performed to see if there was a significant relationship between the lower dimensions of academic motivation and personality types of participants. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the academic motivation of the Faculty of Sport Sciences students differed significantly according to the personality type, gender, age, course load and class variable, but did not show a significant difference according to the department variable. It has been concluded that the academic motivation of students with personality type A is higher than those of personality type B, when the course load increases, the academic motivation of students decreases and the academic motivation of female students is higher.

The aim of this study was to examine the effects of dynamic and static warm-up exercises on speed and vertical jump performance in children. The ages of 22 licensed male athletes playing soccer voluntarily participated in the study are 11.77±.429 years; their heights are 145.27±7.382 cm; and their body weights are 36.00±5.050 kg. Three different warm-up protocols were applied to the participants at an interval of 48 hours. The warm-up protocol is designed as dynamic exercises (Method A), static exercises (Method B), and jogging (Method C). The participants' 30m long speed and vertical jump measurements were taken after each warm-up protocol. SPSS v24 software was used for statistical analysis. Effects of warming up methods on 30m speed and vertical jump values were examined by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Among significant relationships, post-hoc comparisons were continued with Tukey HSD and the significance level was accepted as p<0.05. As a result, it was revealed that dynamic warm-up causes a significant increase in speed and vertical jump performances, while static stretching model and jogging warm-ups do not significantly affect performance.

As in most branches, being fast, strong and strong is a prerequisite for a good performance in taekwondo. Again, many different opinions are put forward for the improvement of strength performance in children. In this context, this study investigated the effect of tabata exercise, which is one of the high intensity interval training methods, which is frequently reported to have positive effects on aerobic, anaerobic and strength performance in both adults and children. Thirty children (age 14.3 ± 0.21 years, height 159.1 ± 2.04 cm, body weight 50.9 ± 2.11 kg) who received Taekwondo training voluntarily participated in the study. Later, the participants were randomly divided into two groups as the Tabata group (n: 15) and the control group (n: 15). In addition to their routine taekwondo training, the Tabata group was trained with exercise sets determined 3 days a week for 8 weeks (3x4 movement in the first week, 20 seconds rest 20 seconds in the following weeks by increasing one movement). The control group, on the other hand, participated in their own routine taekwondo training 3 days a week for 8 weeks. Vertical jumping, standing long jump, medicine ball throwing, sit up and push-up tests were applied to all participants at the beginning, 4th week and at the end of the study. SPSS 23 package program was used in the analysis of the data. The test results of the research group at the 1st, 4th and 8th weeks were used with the Repeated Measures ANOVA Test to determine from which group the difference was caused by the Bonferroni test. Statistical significance level was accepted as p <0.05. In the study, when the evaluation was made within the group, a significant difference was found in the vertical jump, medicine ball throwing and sit up tests in the tabata group. In the control group, a significant difference was found only in the sit up test. When comparing between groups, there was no significant difference in all parameters between the two groups. Exercise can be said to have a positive effect on strength performance in children aged 13-14 who received taekwondo training.

The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between university students' leisure time attitudes and self-confidence levels. 1095 (487 female, 608 male) students who studied at Kocaeli University participated in the study voluntarily. As a data collection tool in research, "Personal Information Form" created by researchers, "Leisure Attitude Scale" developed by Ragheb and Beard (1982) the validity and reliability of which was adapted to Turkish by Gürbüz and Akgül (2011), and the "Self-Confidence Scale" developed by Akın (2007) were used. In the analysis of the data, frequency analysis was used to examine the participants' personal information distributions, skewness-kurtosis values were examined to determine whether the data showed normal distribution, Manova, Tukey and Post-Hoc tests were used to determine the differences between the variables, correlation analysis was used to establish relations. As a result of the analysis; It was found that there was a high positive correlation between leisure time attitude and self-confidence scales of students from the Faculty of Communication, Faculty of Engineering, Faculty of Education and Faculty of Sport Sciences (p<0.05). Behavioural subdimension levels of male students were significantly higher than female students (p0.05). Significant differences were found between faculty variables with leisure attitude scale, sub-dimension and self-confidence scales (p<0.05). It can be said that Sport Sciences, Education, Engineering and Communication Faculty students with high leisure attitudes have high self-confidence levels.

The aim of this review was to examine the studies on high-intensity interval training (HIIT) applied in tennis and badminton. Considering the duration of the tennis and badminton match, these sports are seen as an aerobic sports. However, the short and high intensity rallies in the tennis match also show that it is an anaerobic sport, at the same. There are very high intensity and intermittent rallies lasting 8-10 seconds in prolonged competitions. In other words, both sports require both aerobic and anaerobic endurance during the competition. This endurance is very important not only for the match, but also for the training session as endurance is required for training to be carried out efficiently. Therefore, coaches want to develop aerobic endurance first during the general preparation period at the beginning of the season. In the classical endurance training method, the training session is planned at least 45-50 minutes and 3 times per week. During this period, technical and tactical training are secondary, so there is no time problem to improve endurance. However, as the season progresses, it will be difficult to find the necessary time to maintain aerobic and anaerobic endurance when technical-tactical training becoms important in the special preparation and competition period. Studies show that, HIIT eliminates this time problem, and although it is a very short training method, it is effective in improving aerobic and anaerobic endurance.

Many nations, new approaches are used to increase the physical activity levels of young people. It is one of these approaches to adventure recreation in leisure. The aim of the study was to examine the self-confidence of young people who participate in adventure recreation as leisure motivation. For this purpose, the young people who went to the adventure parks in the city of Gaziantep and the young people who attended the activities in the Erikçe Forest adventure park formed the sample. The "Leisure Motivation Scale" developed by Pelletier et al. (1991) for the collection of data, first adapted to Turkish by Mutlu (2008) and later by Güngörmiş (2012), and the self-confidence scale developed by Akın (2007). used. SPSS 22.0 statistics program was used in the analysis of the data. The normality distribution of the data was examined and Independent Samples t test, One way Anova test and correlation analysis were used. As a result, significant differences were found according to the participation in adventure recreation and athlete license status before. No difference was found according to gender and age. A midlevel positive correlation was found between leisure motivation and self-confidence. It can be said that adventure recreation in leisure supports self-confidence. It has been found that the self-confidence of the youth participating in adventure recreation is also high. It is recommended that local governments expand adventure recreation areas, provided that nature is preserved.

The aim of this study was to examine the relation between certain anthropometric characteristics and strength and vertical jump performance of elite wrestlers. 16 athletes wrestling in different clubs participated in our research. Average age of the wrestlers was 23,62 ± 244, while their average height was 177,31 ± 5,18 and their average weight is 86,45 ± 14,91. In determining the anthropometric measurements of the subjects, height, body weight, skin fold thickness, circumference and diameter measurements were made. For measurement of strength parameters, claw strength was measured with a Takkei brand hand dynamometer, while back and leg strength was measured with a back and leg dynamometer. An electronic smart speed lite system was used to measure the vertical jump performance of the athletes. Pearson Correlation Analysis was used to determine the relationship between anthropometric measurements and strength parameters and vertical jump ratios, and values with p <0,05 were considered significant. As a result, the relationship between anthropometric characteristics and physical performance of elite wrestlers was examined, and a high correlation was found between anthropometric measurements and strength parameters. There was no relationship between vertical jump and anthropometric measurements and strength parameters. In addition, it is a remarkable detail that no significant difference could be detected between the leg, back, right and left claw strengths of wrestlers and their anthropometric characteristics.

The study aims to reveal whether the gender variable has a regulatory role in the effect of self-efficacy of outdoor recreational events participated by individuals on recreational risk-taking behavior. The sample group of the study consisted of 370 leisure time participants who participated in different outdoor recreation activities. Personal information form, Outdoor Recreation Self-Efficacy (ORSE), and A-Domain-Specific Risk-Taking Scale Short Form (DOSPERT) were applied to the participants in the study. It has been found following the analysis that there is a causal relationship between outdoor recreation self-efficacy and recreational risk-taking behavior and the p-value is statistically significant. After the regulatory impact analysis, significant differences were found in the relation “outdoor recreation self-efficacy and recreational risk-taking behavior” (β=.39 in female and β=.38 in male for skill and efficacy and recreational risk-taking, p< 0.001; β=.41 in female and β=.34 in male for achievement and pleasure and recreational risk-taking, p< 0.001)

For athletes to perform high-intensity movements with high quality, anaerobic endurance must be developed in order to repeat these movements one after the other with the same quality and without fatigue. Aerobic and anaerobic endurance characteristics should be followed by using tests suitable for the requirements and structure of the sports branch before and during the season. The aim of this study is to determine the maximal oxygen consumption (MaxVo2) with indirect MaxVo2 values ​​obtained with the help of formulas from "Yo-yo Intermittent Recovery Test (level 1) (YATT1)" and "30-15 Intermittent Endurance Test (30-15 IFT)". The purpose of this study is to compare the direct MaxVo2 value determined by using an oxygen analyzer in these tests and to examine the reliability of the formulas. The sample group of the study consists of 12 male athletes with an average age of 21.7 ± 1.2 who play futsal and badminton licensed in Marmara University Faculty of Sports Sciences. MaxVo2 values ​​of the athletes were determined indirectly by putting the test result into the test formula, and directly by the oxygen analyzer on the athletes during the test. According to the results of the study, a correlation was determined between direct and indirect measurement methods according to the results of the correlation test of the data obtained from YATT1 and 30-15 IFT (respectively; 828**, p=0.001 and 816** p=0.001). According to the results of the co-sample t-test performed for the measurement methods themselves, a statistically significant difference was found between the two measurement methods (p= 0.002 and p=0.019, respectively). Finally, while there was no statistically significant difference between direct measurements of YATT1 and 30-15 IFT (p=.454), a statistically significant difference was found between indirect measurements (p=0.002). According to the results of the study, it is appropriate to use both direct and indirect measurement methods of YATT1 or 30-15 IFT tests, considering the sport-specific features, in determining MaxVo2.