This paper proposes a high-frequency process model for estimating Dissolved Oxygen (DO) and net ecosystem metabolism (NEM) in streams. The model was implemented by using STELLA to predict DO concentrations at one-minute intervals downstream of a 150-m headwater reach of the Abant Creek (Bolu, Turkey). NEM was also predicted at each interval by using a two-station method along the reach. DO, water temperature and other environmental variables used in the model were measured during 17 months between August 2015 and December 2016. The model was run for a day representing every month of the year. Model parameters were calibrated and validated according to mean absolute error (MAE) between measured and simulated values of DO and NEM. The results showed that the model appeared to be promising in terms of high-frequency estimations of DO.

Air pollution remains one of the most sensitive and harmful environmental concerns. According to a recent report 1 published by the World Health Organisation (WHO) [1] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), in 2012, ambient air pollution was still responsible for about 500 000 premature deaths in Europe.

Kelasu structural belt in Tarim Basin has a large reservoir burial depth and complex geological conditions, and challenges such as ultra-deep, high temperature, high pressure, and high stress lead to big problems related to well control safety and project quality. To solve these key technical problems that set barriers to the process of exploration and development, a set of drilling technology processes via geology-engineering integration is established with geomechanics as the bridge. And an integrated key drilling engineering technology for the safe speed-up of ultra-deep wells was formed, integrating well location optimization, well trajectory optimization, stratum pressure prediction before drilling, stratum drillability evaluation, and bit and speed-up tool design and optimization. Combined with seismic data, logging data, structural characteristics, and lithology distribution characteristics, the rock mechanics data volume related to the three-dimensional drilling resistance characteristics of the block was established for the first time, and the vertical and horizontal heterogeneity was quantitatively characterized, which provided a basis for bit design, improvement, and optimization. During the process of drilling, the geomechanical model shall be corrected in time according to the actual drilling information, and the drilling “three pressures” data shall be updated in real-time to support the dynamic adjustment of drilling parameters. Through field practice, the average drilling complexity rate was reduced from 18% to 4.6%, and the drilling cycle at 8500 m depth was reduced from 326 days to 257 days, which were significantly better than those of the vertical wells deployed in the early stage without considering geology-engineering integration.

The studies included the local habitat of Lake River and ponds, which are most important, share the habitat in local flora and fauna in eastern Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) India. The study was conducted to assess the mainly phytoplankton and zooplankton status of the Ramgarh lake, Maheshra tal, and Rapti river in Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh, India by examining the biological parameters. The most important planktonic group encountered in the present study was cyanophyceae and Zygnematophyceae Nostocale and Desimidiale encountered as other genera which existed in the Ramgarh lake, Maheshra tal, and Rapti river water of the habitat. The study found that the members of protozoans group animal contribute 50 percent of the total zooplankton population during the year of the study period.