| In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of Salmonella in various parts of table eggs collected from various union councils of Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. For this purpose, 200 egg samples were collected. The culturing of Salmonella from egg shell and their contents was carried out according to ISO guidelines for Salmonella isolation. A total of twenty-two (22) eggs were positive for Salmonella species. The antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that Salmonella isolates were resistant to ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, cefotaxime, and kanamycin while isolates were susceptible to chloramphenicol, gentamicin, kanamycin and streptomycin. These positive samples were further investigated and confirmed through PCR by targeting serovars specific genes i.e rfbJ, fliC, fljB for S. Typhimurium and ST11, SPV, SefA for S. Enteritidis . The prevalence of Salmonella was found to be 22 (11%), out of which 17 (77.27%) isolates were S. Enteritidis and 5 (22.73%) isolates were found to be S. Typhimurium as confirmed through PCR. The presence of infectious Salmonella in table eggs in Peshawar presents a serious public health threat and should be monitored on routine basis for the presence of Salmonella.

| Vitamin D play a vital role in health, therefore, it is necessary to find a sensitive, selective as well as quick and easy technique for its determination. This review focuses on the Vitamin D investigations of electrochemical biosensors that have been conducted in recent years. According to the research, the practical use of electrochemical biosensors is attributed to the existence of UV radiation and transactivation of pharmaceutical items, food, or even human blood plasma in the detection of Vitamin D from diverse samples, including Vitamin D production in nature. Among the most commonly used electrochemical biosensors for vitamin D detection are Ab-25OHD/SPE/ FMTAD, CYP27B1/GCE, SiO2/GO/Ni(OH)2/GCE, BSA/Ab-VD2/CD-CH/ITO, BSA/Anti VD/Fe3O4 PANnFs/ITO, BSA/Ab-VD/Asp-Gd2O3NRs/ITO, 25OHD Antibody, 25OHD, 25OHD Antibody, IoT Enabled Enzyme Embossed Biosensor, Au-Pt NPs/APTES/FTO and GCN- β -CD/Au nanocomposite. The proposed electrochemical biosensors utilized in the previous publications studied were based on glassy carbon, carbon dots, or carbon paste, functionalized with the various electrochemical biosensors. Further research should be conducted on existing problems and future opportunities of the present electrochemical sensors for the determination of vitamin D.

| A global health emergency termed as Corona Virus Disease COVID-19 became an international concern since December 2019. Novel coronavirus (nCoV) is a spherical or pleomorphic enveloped beta virus containing single- (positive-sense) RNA strand with a nucleoprotein surrounded by a capsid comprised of matrix protein. The envelope is surrounded by club-shaped glycoprotein projections. The virus spreads primarily from one person to another, typically through close contact or breathing drops caused when the infected person coughs or sneezes, hence it is necessary to keep away from a sick person more than two meters. Many pharmaceutical companies and testing organizations are therefore rushing to develop more reliable and rapid test kits to detect 19-nCoV among people suspected of being contaminated in only a few minutes and without the need to send samples to central laboratories. Coronavirus (Covid-19) vaccine latest update: with the production of a secure, reliable and accessible Covid-19 vaccine as the cornerstone to controlling the pandemic, research and testing are rising at a rapid pace around the world to find a cure for the current coronavirus.

| This study evaluated the effects of exogenously administered methyl farnesoate (MF) and 20-OH ecdysone (20E) on polypeptide profile of circulating vitellogenin (Vg) and ovarian vitellin (Vn) in the edible freshwater crab Travancoriana schirnerae by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The results indicated that the polypeptide profiles of yolk proteins in the hemolymph and ovary of control and experimental females varied with the stage of development of the ovary. Our observations also revealed that both MF and 20E administration was able to induce the production of Vg and Vn during the avitellogenic and previtellogenic phases manifested by the presence of Vg and Vn polypeptide subunits in the electropherograms of experimentals over the controls. Moreover, the electropherograms of MF and 20E crabs during the vitellogenic phase displayed more number of Vg and Vn subunits with increased staining intensity and thickness compared to the control crabs. It was concluded that though both MF and 20E were able to induce or enhance the production of Vg and Vn during the avitellogenic, previtellogenic and vitellogenic phases, the effects were far more pronounced in MF injected females than the 20E injected crabs.

| Background: Soap is solution used to lessen the number of living microorganisms on the surface of the skin, clothes, toilet and materials. It is a cleaning agent made by the chemical action of alkali on fats or fatty acids to yield the sodium or potassium salts of these acids. Objective : This study was carried out to assess antibacterial activity of common soaps used in Rwanda. Materials and methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in Susa Village, Musanze District, Rwanda. Skin, clothe, toilets and household used materials were taken as sample sites. Swabs were collected and taken in INES Ruhengeri microbiology laboratory to isolate and identify bacteria, and perform antimicrobial activity of soaps. Results: The most isolated bacteria were Citrobacter spp . (40%), P. aeruginosa and Enterobacter spp . (13.5%), S. aureus and E. coli (10.8%), Proteus spp . and Klebsiella spp . were isolated at 5.4%. Toilet gel and hand washing soap had the highest antibacterial compared to other soaps. Toilet gel antibacterial activity observed as indicated: E. coli (18mm), Enterobacter spp .(15mm) and S. aureus at 14mm, while for hand washing soap were seen as follows E.coli (24mm), followed by proteus (15mm), Klebsiella (13mm) and S .aureus (14mm) however Enterobacter and Citrobacter were resistant to hand washing soap. Duru soap showed the property to inhibit growth of S.aureus. but its antibacterial property was not effective to other bacteria . Clear and Tembo were not effective prevent the growth of bacteria. Conclusion: Hand washing soap, toilet gel could be used as antimicrobial agents. Clear, Tembo can be used to remove duties and oil on skin, clothes and materials.duru soap can be used as beauty soap.

| Agriculture is the method of plant interaction with microorganisms. There is a growing need for an eco-friendly, eco-responsive system in agriculture that can provide adequate nutrients to the growing human population by improving the quality and quantity of agricultural manufacture. Plant Growth-Promoting Microorganisms (PGPMs) have the potential to inhibit the rhizosphere and are at the center of microbial inoculations to regulate risk of rooting. The decomposition of organic matter by earthworms by vermicompost (VC) is known as cheap and environmentally friendly process. It is a substantial provenance of essential nutrients, which bounce back the overall soil condition and stimulate the yield and development of plants that enhance the physical and chemical properties of the soil. . For this vindication the blear of this review is on the momentary of soil symbiotic fungi like Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and Vermicompost (VC), and their precious repercussions on plant maturation. An extensive outline of profuse details of the conservation process is of extraordinary consequence for crops maturation in cultivations.

| Clostridium Chauvoei is an anaerobic, endospore forming gram-positive organism causing black quarter, a deadly disease of domestic animals. A total of 30 Swiss albino mice weighting between 18-20g were used for experiment. In this study, the bacterial load, pathological lesions and histopathological changes in heart, liver and thigh muscles of swiss albino mice caused by Clostridium Chauvoeiat1d.p.i, 2d.p.i, 3d.p.i, 4d.p.i and 5d.p.i (Days post infection) respectively investigated and it was observed that the bacterium Clostridium Chauvoei produced more severe pathological changes in heart, liver and thigh muscles respectively. Necrosis was observed in the tissues examined, both grossly and histopathologically. It is concluded from the present study that, Clostridium Chauvoei is potentially pathogenic and its play an important role in the mechanisms of blackleg in swiss albino mice, they can be particularly important to study its pathogenic characteristics.

| Present study was conducted to investigate the concentration of heavy metals (Na, K, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mg, Co, Cd and Pb) in different organs (heart, liver, muscles, wings, neck) of poultry, cattle (mutton, beef) and fish available in local and branded markets of Lahore. Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy and Flame Photometry were used to estimate the contamination of these metals in meat. The concentration of heavy metals in different organs showed great variation. The detected values of Na, K, Fe, Mg and Ni were under the tolerable level cited by international standards; World Health Organization (WHO) and Australia New Zealand Food Authority (ANZFA). The Co, Cd and Pd were almost absent in red meat samples but poultry meat wing samples had high concentration of Cu exceeding the permissible limits. Rapid and sensitive Lowry method was adopted for scrutinizing the protein content in internal organs (heart, liver, breast, wings, neck and leg) of poultry meat (Home raised, Local, Zenith and Menu). The results showed that out of all the tested samples liver of Home raised chicken was a rich source of protein. Quantitative evaluation of steroid (testosterone) in chicken through High Performance Liquid Chromatography confirmed that the level of testosterone in different organs didn’t exceed the acceptable limit.

|The experiment was carried out to determine the use of double strength fumigation with formaldehyde gas on broiler breeder’s eggs hatchability, candling, blasting/putrification, dead in shell, quality of chicks and later life mortality. The broiler breeders eggs were divided into two groups each (n=134640 eggs). The fumigation of both groups was performed through automatic fumigation system provided by chick master. The hatchability and candling of flocks SSR1AIC, SSR2AIB, SSR3AID and SSF5 were significantly (P<0.05) better for double strength fumigation compared to single strength fumigation. The dead in shell were insignificant for the treatment. The putrification/blasting and low quality chicks were significantly (P<0.05) better for double strength fumigation for SSR2AIB, SSR3AID and SSF5, while remaining flocks were insignificant regarding quality of chicks and putrification due to fumigation strength. The chicks each (n=30,000) were shifted to poultry houses from both groups to know the effects of fumigation strength on later life of chicks. The weight gain, feed intake and FCR were insignificant for both groups while mortality was significantly better for double strength fumigation compare to single strength fumigation. In short double strength fumigation is safe can be used to improve the hatchery parameters and later life of chicks,

|Cotton is one of the major cash crops of Pakistan. It suffers from severe yield losses because of various insect pests and diseases. Whiteflies and jassids are regarded as the key pests of cotton. Beside these, pink bollworm is also one of major devastators of this crop. Present study was conducted to evaluate the performance of Bt and non Bt varieties against these three major pests of cotton. Data were taken from upper, middle and lower leaves in case of sucking pests and for pink bollworm 5 plants were selected for determining its percent infestation. Data for CLCuD was computed using percent disease index (PDI). The results showed that non Bt varieties were heavily attacked by whiteflies with population above economic threshold level (ETL). Maximum mean population of 5.67 was recorded on NIAB-Karishma. Cotton jassid population was above ETL in all the varieties under study, with a maximum mean population of 1.80 on IR-NIAB-824. Moreover, population of pink bollworm was higher on Bt varieties as compared to the non Bt varieties with maximum mean percent infestation of 51.34% on Lalazar. The highest yield of 826 kg/acre was observed in NIAB-Karishma. All the tested varieties were highly susceptible to cotton leaf curl disease and there was no significant correlation of whitefly levels with percent disease index.

|Spiders are key components of all ecosystems in which they live and considered to be useful indicators of the overall species richness and health of terrestrial communities. However, spiders of the Western Ghats are poorly explored group and detailed information about their systematics, diversity and ecology is scarce. The present study is an attempt to investigate the spider faunal diversity in the selected habitats in the Western Ghats of North Wayanad region, Kerala, India. A total of 150 species belonging to 73 genera under 20 families were recorded from the selected habitats. Kartikulam forest reserve (Site D) showed the highest species richness and lowest species richness was recorded from Mananthavady region (Site A). Guild structure analysis of the collected spiders revealed seven functional groups viz. stalkers, orb-web builders, ambushers, space-web builder, ground runners, foliage runners and sheet-web builders. To conclude, the highest species richness is correlated with flora and fauna in these sites. The knowledge generated from the present study gives valuable and updated information on diversity of species of Western Ghats and the data can be used for future research on spider fauna.

| Objectives: Glycated hemoglobin analysis is the gold-standard to guide diabetes management and screening for diabetic ketoacidosis. Though testing for A1c is a recommendation, correlation with ketone levels has been studied using many variables like fasting blood glucose, mean glucose levels, etc. Our study report is an attempt to document blood ketone levels in relation to measured A1c levels. Study Design: This is a retrospective reference lab-based study. Methods: A total of 429,051 adults including 234,121 males and 194,930 females were tested for HbA1c as well blood ketone levels. Measurement for A1c was done using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, while blood ketones were assessed by photometry technology. Results: Outcome analysis was done by assessing for levels of blood ketone across different HbA1c reporting criteria of normal and good control up until the poor control range of >10.0% (86 mmol/mol). Trend analysis to study relation between HbA1c and ketone levels detected, a significant positive association between A1c levels >/= 15.0% (140 mmol/mol) and blood ketone levels. Conclusion: Our report highlights A1c levels of> 15.0% (140 mmol/mol) to be a significant cut-off to identify patients at risk for diabetic ketoacidosis.

| In order to make maggot meal (Musca domestica) available for use in fish feed, a production experiment was conducted to determine the easy harvesting method to maximize maggot production density by surface unit with appropriate technological means for their drying. For example, the simple sifter (MTS), hot water (MEC), single water (MES), hot water sifter (MTEC) and single water sifter (MTES) methods were tested in triplicate for the harvest of maggots from the same type of production substrate (2: 1 ratio of viscera and soy cake) and four technological means (sun drying sifter, improved sun drying device, freeze-dryer and electric oven) used to dry the maggots harvested. The results showed that in addition to the harvesting time, which varies according to the harvesting method, there is a significant difference (P0.05). From this experiment, the best method of harvesting maggots is that using the sifter associated with hot water and the improved sun drying device is the effective technological means of drying maggots because it allows for a good content in protein and does not require energy cost.

| Few studies were based on the temporal variation in birds of South-East Benin. In order to study the temporal variation of birds population in Aguégués, some ornithological survey were carried out monthly from August 2017 to July 2018 by the method of punctual abundance indexes enabled the counting of 14191 individuals gathered into 268 species, 55 families and 18 orders. In Aguégués, the highest mean specific richness and birds’ abundance were observed respectively in BDS with 45 ± 22.37 species and 561 ± 240.81 individuals though the lowest values were recorded in BRS with respectively 23 ± 12.5 species and 324 ± 355.43 individuals. The picks of mean specific richness and abundance reached in BDS corresponded to the period of migratory birds coming to the South-East Benin wetland. A high positive correlation and highly significant to the 5% threshold (cor = 0.87; t = 15.178; df = 11; p-value = 1.007e-08) were noticed between the monthly fluctuation of mean number and the mean specific richness by the student test for pair series. The highest mean indexes of Shannon-Weaver (2.99±0.60) and the Pielou mean equitability (0.88±0.04) were recorded respectively in BDS and BRS. The lowest respectively 2.40±0.58 and 0.77±0.09 were calculated in BRS and SRS. The mixed linear model generalized showed the monthly variations of ecological indexes among stations are significant to the 5% threshold except plantations, Lake Nokoué and Porto-Novo lagoon. Besides, monthly variations are not due to the random effect of months (R² marginal < R² conditional).

| The current study aims at evaluating the effect of experimental feed protein rate on growth and feed utilization in Hoplobatrachus occipitalis tadpoles. Six same-energy feed diets containing crescent protein rates (20, 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 %) were formulated and tested on Hoplobatrachus occipitalis tadpoles though initial mean weight was 0.380 ± 0.004 g. Each diet was tested in triplicate for 24 days. 55 tadpoles was stocked per pond containing 30L water. Survival rates recorded ranged between 85.454 and 92.727% for all treatments. Growth and feed utilization parameters varied significantly with feed protein rate (P < 0.05). The best growth performances were recorded with 60% protein diet. According to the mathematical model (polynomial regression II) used for analysis of specific growth rate variations in relation to feed protein rate, optimal and maximal protein needs of Hoplobatrachus occipitalis tadpoles are 33 and 51% respectively. The highest protein rate of tadpoles’ carcass was noticed in tadpoles fed on 45% protein diet. The highest rate of lipid and dry matter was observed in tadpoles fed on 50% protein feed. The optimum and maximum protein requirements for better growth of H. occipitalis tadpoles are 38.30% and 54.10%, respectively.

| Anaplasmosis is disease of livestock having pandemic in nature. In the present study the specificity and sensitivity of i-ELISA and RT PCR was investigated in the samples collected from District Peshawar and Lakki Marwat. A total of 900 samples were collected from three species, Cattle, Buffalo and Sheep from two transects Peshawar and Lakki Marwat for determination of rate of Anaplasma marginale through i-ELISA and RT PCR. Overall rate for Anaplasmosis was 37.7% (339/900) for all three techniques, whereas techniques wise the rate of Anaplasma marginale was 28.7% and 34.8 % through i-ELISA and Real-time PCR, respectively. Majority of the Cattle (41.6 %) were found positive for A. marginale as compared to 23.7% and 16.2% in Sheep and Buffalo respectively. Transects were significantly different at P <0.05 in term of rate of A. marginale . Transect wise distribution of anaplasmosis was higher in Lakki Marwat (41.5%) as compared to Peshawar (30%). Gender wise rate was higher in female through i-ELISA (57.96%) and RT PCR (64.33%) as compared to male individuals having 16.27% and 23.25% rate, respectively. A significant difference was found in seasonality of tick infestation, with the high infestations in summer as compare to winter.

| Objective:Present study was conducted to assess the oral health practices, oral hygiene habits and associated dental problems among subjects from Lahore, Pakistan. Methods: This cross sectional epidemiological study was consisted of sixty two, 11-56 years old dental subjects from both genders enrolled from Jinnah hospital, Lahore for oral examination. Questionnaire included the questions regarding basic demographic information, medical history, life style and behavior and dietary history was distributed among enrolled subjects and they were interviewed using the World Health Organization health protocols. Results: From the dental enrolled subjects, 30.6% patients have chronic diseases which included kidney dysfunction, digestive problems, respiratory diseases, Diabetes, bone and joint problems and hypertension. The prevalence of cavities was high 82.3% among dental patients and remaining have swollen gums, abscess and pain and of them 75.8% were underwent through past treatment of dental filling, implant, extraction and root canal. Teeth sensitivity and chewing difficulty was experienced by 88.7% of subjects. For dental hygiene, tooth brushing was carried out by 85.5%, miswak by 9.7% and low percentage of rinsing practice that was 4.8%. 91.9% of the subjects have visited the dentist when needed and the remaining percentage have practice of dentist visit one month or two months. About dietary history of usage of artificial sweetener, candies, ice-cream, rusk, carbonated beverages, chewing gums, cookies, snakes, eggs, meat, milk, cheese, yogurt, fruits, vegetables etc. was varied among subjects with respect to daily, weekly and never use. Conclusion: Awareness programs should be conducted to promote oral health awareness and its impact on systemic health amongst the general population of Lahore. Continuous implementation of oral health awareness programs in community can improve the oral health and better oral health practices results in better quality of life.

| Rhipicephalus sanguineus, the brown dog tick, is the most widespread tick in the world and transmits broad range of pathogens to dogs. The aim of this study was to identify the tick species infested in dogs by using a combination of LM and molecular analysis. A total of 237 tick samples were collected from dogs and identified by using Light Microscope (LM) and molecular technique. Morphological identification revealed that all of tick infestation in dogs was R. sanguineus spp. and 16SrRNA gene of R. sanguineus species sequences analyses proved 100% sequences identitieswhen compared with the reference data in Genbank records. The present studies confirm R. sanguineus is common tick species infesting in dogs within Nay Pyi Taw area.

| The present study was conducted in Veterinary Research Institute (VRI) District Peshawar from January, 2016 to August, 2016. A total of 200 samples were tested including 40 samples from each Liver, Kidney, Heart, Lungs and Intestines. Mac-Conkey agar was used for culture. The RapID-ONE-System was used for identification of Salmonella species. Different antibiotics, Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Levofloxacin Ampicillin, Tetracyclin , and Azithromycin were used against Salmonella species. The prevalence rate was observed as S. gallinarum 63.33 % S. pullorum 35% and S. typhimurium 1.66 %. The most prevalence was found 35% in liver and 30% in intestines. Ampicillin was more resistant (76.66%) followed by Gentamicin 75%. While the highest sensitivity/susceptibility rate was 51.66 % observed by Levofloxacin. It was concluded from the current study that Salmonella have high resistance against certain antibiotics. and the drugs like Ampicillin showed reduced action against Salmonella infection. The resistance pattern of the drugs against Salmonella is uniformly changing therefore it is suggested that there may be a continuous research study to evaluate the resistance of the Salmonella and haphazard use of antibiotics may be discouraged.

| Five iso – energetic diets were formulated to evaluate the effects of dietary lipids levels on growth parameters, survival rate, feed utilization and body composition of African Snakehead Parachanna obscura fingerlings with initial body weight 7.69 ± 0.14 g. Experimental diets were formulated to contain graded levels of lipid (5, 7, 9, 11 and 14 g/100 g of diet). Each diet was tested in triplicate during 8 weeks. During the experiment, any mortality was registered. Growth performances and nutrient utilization parameters of fingerlings fed on different diets varied significantly (P <0.05). Highest growth performances and nutrient utilization were obtained with fish fed on a diet containing 7% of crude lipid. According to the broken line models used to analyze the relationships between the dietary crude lipid (DCL) and the specific growth rate (SGR), the maximum dietary crude lipid requirement is 7% of the diet.

| The present study describes the concentrations of contaminating trace metals like iron, copper, zinc, cobalt, nickel and magnesium; toxic metals including cadmium and lead, micro nutrients including sodium and potassium among 27 different infant milk and baby foods. The samples were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer prior to acid digestion. The levels of elements in analyzed samples were found to be under legal limits. Nickel concentration was found to be higher in some infant food that ranged 0.008-0.09 mg/g and in infant cereals ranged 0.005-0.01mg/g. The range of investigated metals zinc, iron, copper, cadmium, lead, sodium, potassium and magnesium, was 0.0005-0.12 mg/g, 0.002-0.13 mg/g, 0.0005-0.45 mg/g, 0.001-0.04 mg/g, 0.001-0.21 mg/g and 0.01-1-2.82 mg/g, 0.03-9.9 mg/g, and 0.01-0.046 mg/g in infant foods and cereals. The estimated intake of these metals were within recommended tolerable levels of these elements. Protein content was determined by Lowry’s method that ranged 0.02-2.1 mg/ g. Moreover, infant formulas were analyzed for the bacterial load (probiotics) and it was found that most of the products analyzed in this study contained a sufficient amount of probiotic bacteria in them. Our data can guide the parents and physicians in the selection of baby foods in Pakistan.

| Mosquitoes are well known as annoying pests and as carriers of disease-causing agents to humans and animals. The entomological study was performed in Nay Pyi Taw Union Territory, Myanmar between March 2016 and February 2017. Mosquitoes were collected in three distinct seasons: summer, rainy and winter by using the terminator photocatalysis mosquito trap. Altogether 1224 female mosquitoes belonging to 7 species of 4 genera were observed. Among the collected mosquitoes, Culex quinquefasciatus (75%) showed the highest abundance followed by Armigeres subalbatus (17%), Culex tritaeniorhynchus (3.1%), Aedes aegypti (3%), Aedes albopictus (1.1%), Anopheles spps (0.6%) and Aedes vexans (0.2%) which is accounted for 100% of all mosquitoes collected. The abundance of mosquitoes was numerically highest both in rainy season and in Pyinmana Township. Maximum number of species were found in Pyinmana (n = 485), followed by Lewe (n = 391) and Tatkon (n = 348).It was found that the abundance of mosquitoes was mathematically highest in July throughout the study period.