Astronomical observations confirm that gravitational force decreases with the square of the distance. If the gravitational ‎force in the centre of Sagittarius A* were close to infinity and would decrease with the square of the distance, our Milky Way ‎could not exist as we observe it. This fact is irrefutable proof that there is no gravitational singularity in the centre of ‎Sagittarius A* and in general, there is no gravitational singularity in the centre of a black hole.‎

Natural disturbances in the gravitational field cause light, infrared, x-ray, and other waves. We define a complete wave as ‎having two parts: a crest and a trough. A complete wave represents a single frequency. Every wave is initially powered at the ‎source along with its wavelength and amplitude, which all vary with the gravitational field intensity in subsequent steps. A/λ ‎has a significant impact on the wave's power. A gravitational wave is a converted wave, because of its changing power due to ‎the changing intensity of the gravitational field.‎

We propose the magnetic sterile neutrino as a possible candidate for dark matter. We bring the idea that dark matter would be ‎made up of substances originating from black holes, in particular sterile neutrinos associated with a magnetic charge. These ‎would not be sensitive only to the gravitational force. First, we conjectured that when baryonic matter crosses the black holes ‎event horizon, Maxwell's laws are reversed, the electric charge turns into a magnetic charge. Sterile magnetic neutrinos and ‎antineutrinos would be created and emitted, true magnetic monopoles. Second, we discuss dark matter consisting of sterile ‎magnetic neutrinos, the cosmic microwave background, mini primordial black holes, and the formation of intermediate mass ‎black holes linked to the formation of galaxies. Third, we review different mechanisms of how sterile magnetic neutrino could ‎have escaped from the black hole. Fourth, we investigate the possibility that ordinary neutrinos could be produced by the ‎weak interaction if sterile magnetic dark matter neutrinos interact with active ordinary matter neutrinos. Fifth, after examining ‎equations of possible production of gamma rays from the annihilation of neutrinos-antineutrinos, we propose the “anapole”, ‎which would be weakly sensitive to electromagnetic forces. Before concluding, we underline the relation between the ‎distribution of the magnetic fields coming from baryonic matter and that from dark matter, and we highlight the gamma ray ‎glows in the dark that can be attributed to the annihilation of dark matter with itself.‎

One of the enduring puzzles in high energy particle physics is why quarks do not exist independently ‎despite their existence inside the hadron as quarks have never been found in isolation. This problem may ‎be solved by formulating a QCD potential for the entire range of interaction distances of the quarks. The ‎mystery could be related to the fundamental origin of the mass of elementary particles despite the success ‎of the quantum field theories to the highest level of accuracy. The renormalization program is an essential ‎part of the calculation of the scattering amplitudes, where the infinities of the calculated masses of the ‎elementary particles are subtracted for the progressive calculation of the higher-order perturbative terms. ‎The mathematical structure of the mass term from quantum field theories expressed in the form of infinities ‎suggests that there may exist a finite dynamical mass in the limit when the input mass parameter ‎approaches zero. The Lagrangian recovers symmetry at the same time as the input mass becomes zero, ‎whereas the self-energy diagrams acquire a finite dynamical mass in the 4-dimensional space when the ‎dimensional regularization method of renormalization is utilized. We report a new finding that using the ‎mathematical expression of the self-energy(mass) for photons and gluons calculated from this method, the ‎complex form of the QCD and QED interaction potentials can be obtained by replacing the fixed ‎interaction mediating particle’s mass and coupling constants in Yukawa potential with the scale-‎dependent running coupling constant and the corresponding dynamical mass. The derived QCD QED ‎potentials predict the behavior of the related elementary particles exactly as verified by experimental ‎observation.‎

Charge conservation in the theory of elementary particle physics is one of the best-established principles ‎in physics. As such, if ‎there are magnetic monopoles in the universe, the magnetic charge will most likely be a ‎conserved quantity like electric ‎charges. If neutrinos are magnetic monopoles, as physicists have reported ‎the possibility, the Earth should show signs of ‎having a magnetic monopole charge on a macroscopic scale ‎since neutrons must also have a magnetic monopole charge if ‎the general charge conservation principle is valid. ‎To test this hypothesis, experiments were performed to detect the collective ‎effect of the magnetic monopole ‎charge of neutrons on the earth's equator using two balanced high-strength neodymium rod ‎magnets. We ‎were able to identify the non-zero magnetic monopole charge of the individual neutrons from the experiments. ‎‎The presence of individual magnetic monopole charges in the universe prompted the proposition of the new ‎symmetric form ‎of Maxwell's equations. Based on the theoretical investigation of the new Maxwell's ‎equations, we conclude that magnetic ‎monopole neutrinos are the cause of the origin of quantum ‎mechanical uncertainty, dark energy, and the medium for ‎electromagnetic wave propagation in space.‎‎

Energy conservation is one of the most fundamental and well-established principles of physics. E. Noether ‎extended the ‎energy conservation principle to the quantum field theoretical domain in empty space by ‎relating the time-translation ‎invariance of the universe with energy conservation. While this is the case in ‎an open empty space, it seems that the local ‎space enclosed by conducting metallic plates has an ‎unexpected property, suggesting that the energy conservation principle ‎may not necessarily apply to ‎localized bound systems of capacitors in electrodynamics. This point of view was raised by ‎noting that the ‎spherical capacitor has calculable electrostatic self-potential energy in both the inner and outer shells, ‎which is ‎not considered in the conventional consideration of the total energy stored in the capacitors. It ‎seems that the concept of ‎moving charges one by one into the capacitor plates has helped bypass the ‎necessary steps to account for the additional ‎repulsive self-potential energy that accumulates ‎simultaneously in both capacitor plates in the process of charging the ‎capacitor. We present itemized ‎details of the repulsive potential energy stored in the capacitors and discuss its physical reality ‎in relation to ‎the anomalous energy devices reported in the past.‎

As we know, imaginary numbers are square roots of a negative numbers. In this paper, imaginary numbers will be ‎further defined.‎ Every number has a sign to it. A number can either be a positive or a negative, however zero is ‎‎neither positive nor negative. The number zero is what can be referred to as a neutral number since it does not ‎have any plus or minus signs. In reality, the ‎sign of zero is neutral which is both positive and negative at the same ‎time 0= (±)0. The square root of a positive one is both a positive and a negative one √(-1)=±1. In this paper a ‎new view and discussion has been done for different mathematical operators such as addition, subtraction, ‎‎multiplication and ‎division and some more idea which has never been considered earlier, called Pelletier Postulate.‎

The blackhole jets, Saturn ring, dark matter and GPB anomaly are generally considered unrelated physical mysteries that have no common causes that create them. In Newtonian mechanics, the center of mass of an object change only when there is an external force applied to the object. However, the longitudinally asymmetric and radially circular (LARC) rotating objects like cone, funnel, and hemisphere have a unique mechanical property of creating a finite shift of relativistic center of mass depending on the speed of the rotation due to the difference in the instant speed of the individual mass components of the object while in rotation (Jeong, 1996). This suggests that the LARC rotating object has a complex mechanical property that does not obey the conventional Newtonian mechanical principle. It turned out that in the weak field limit of general relativity there is a second order mathematical term that requires a finite shift of the center of mass to establish its physicality. This term was discarded as physically meaningless because spherical source does not develop a shift of the center of mass even in rotation due to the mathematical cancelation. It is shown that the relativistic shift of the center of mass from the rotating LARC object is the cause of the physically meaningful dipole gravity that reduces into Lense-Thirring force at the center of the rotating spherical shell. However, after careful examination we found out that the signs of Lense-Thirring forces were reversed and once the signs are corrected, dipole gravity predicts blackhole jets and the flat rotational velocity distribution curve which is the key evidence of the existence of the dark matter. We presented that the rings in Saturn, Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus, the GPB experimental anomaly are also the results of dipole gravity from the rotating spherical sources.

Einstein's famous equation, , revolutionized the theory of physics and introduced new perspectives to the study of energy and mass. However, a close consideration of its principles raises essential concerns on the equitability of mass and energy as well as other phenomena like the speed of light. The unavoidable scientific claim of this paper is that the total energy of matter depends on its internal and external energies, which are accounted for by kinetic and potential energies. In the current work, thought experiments reveal important additions to this idea regarding the apparent effects of external energy on the nature of matter and particles. This paper employs detailed thought experiments and theoretical discussions to identify and address several notable inconsistencies related to the energy and mass equation based on previous works in physics. The relative external energy of an object will be influenced by the position of the observer. The outcomes of the experiments presented herein also provide key insights into the constancy of the internal energy of all matter and particles. Generally, this paper provides an important basis for analyzing the theory underlying the physics of energy and mass, addressing questionable ideas that are common but poorly substantiated and providing a new understanding of the nature of mass and energy that lays the foundations for further research in this area by projecting the difference between them.

With the consideration of the light which carries the photon particles, the Lorentz transformation was constructed with an impressive mathematical approach. But the generalization of that equation for all the velocities of the universe is direct enforcement on other things not to travel faster than light. It has created serious issues in every scientific research that was done in the last century based on the special theory of relativity. This paper replaces the velocity of light with some other velocities and shows us the possible consequences and highlights the issues of special relativity. If I travel through my past or future and was able to see another me there, who would be the real Hamdoon I or the one I see there in the past or future! If the real one is only me, the one I saw, is not me, so, I could not travel through my or someone else's past or future. Therefore, no one can travel through time. If both of us are the same, can the key of personal identity be duplicated or be separated into two or more parts? These are some of the fundamental philosophical arguments that annihilate the concept of time travel which is one of the sequels of special relativity.

The first climatic factors affecting the phenomenon of dust and fine dust are collected, reconstructed, extended and completed in the form of DSI (Dust Storm Index) and Lancaster in Mehrabad meteorological station of Tehran was studied and analyzed. The results showed that in Mehrabad meteorological station in terms of temperature in 1992 the lowest value and in 1998, 2001, 2017 the highest value and in terms of humidity in 2017 the lowest amount of humidity and in 2000 the highest amount of humidity and in terms of rainfall in the year 2013 the lowest amount of precipitation and in 2019 the highest amount of precipitation and in terms of evaporation in 2009 the lowest amount of evaporation and in 1391 the highest amount of evaporation and finally in terms of number of dust days in 1998 the lowest number of days and in 2009 the highest number of days Dust has been recorded. Mehrabad station of Tehran in years showed DSI index, more than one number and Lancaster index, more than fifty number in most of the mentioned years, the values of temperature and evaporation are high and the values of precipitation and humidity are relatively low, which shows the direct relationship between the dust storm index (DSI index) and mobility index of sand dunes (Lancaster index) is almost too high and above the number, It is noteworthy that in most of the mentioned years, Meteorological factors and data have been at Mehrabad station in Tehran.

The discovery of extrasolar planets outside our solar system and around other stars is now well underway. In the presented paper, calculations of some physical properties for confirmed exoplanets have been done. We have estimated physical properties such as the semi-major axis for potentially habitable exoplanets, the mass of planets by applying Kepler's third law around the mass of solar, Jupiter, and Earth-mass, stellar luminosity, habitability zone for the inner center and outer regions, radial velocity amplitude, planetary equilibrium temperature (PET) or effective radiation emission temperature and planet density. The mass-radius (MR) relationship of planets was investigated for potentially habitable exoplanets of three different groups of extrasolar planets: Subterran (Mars-size), Terran (Earth-size), and Superterran (Super-Earths or Mini-Neptunes); introduced in PHL, and found well coefficient values for each group. The minimum and maximum values for the mass and radius of exoplanets have been selected from 0.1< M < 10 M⊕ and 0.4< R < 2.5 R⊕ . The same MR relationship has also estimated the same properties for a larger number of confirmed exoplanets with a mass and radius of 0.1< M <100 M⊕ and 0.4< R < 15 R⊕ , respectively, resulting their classification within 7 groups of mass and radius, with good coefficient values for each group. This is a new, possible cataloging that may need more effort for concluding a better understanding of the properties and varieties of the exoplanets.

As per Newtonian laws of motion and gravitation, the gravitational force of attraction governs all the planets of solar system. Here we discuss equilibrium of planets in which gravitational force represents one side and the magnetic hold the other side. The planet achieves equilibrium in the solar field at that point where its centrifugal (i.e., gravitational) force balances the magnetic hold of sun. The sun develops magnetic flux on the planet according to its surface area, magnetic content and rotational velocity. As per available data, calculations in this regard are in good agreement with the functions achieving rotational and orbital motions and equilibrium of planet, thus supporting our concept. Therefore, this theory provides the missing link explaining magnetic interaction with the centrifugal force of planet to achieve equilibrium, hold and motion.

Einstein has kept time as the dimension of the space-time continuum that is supposed to be a fundamental arena of the universe. Our research confirms time is the duration of changes, i.e., motion run in the time-invariant universal space that has Euclidean shape, it is infinite. Black holes in the center of galaxies are rejuvenating systems of the universe. In these black holes old matter is transforming back into the fresh energy of elementary that AGNs are throwing in the intergalactic space in the form of huge jests. These jets are fresh material for new star formation. The universal process of continuous rejuvenation is eternal.

All kinds of waves occur for the disturbances in the quiet gravitational field. Different waves powered differently and propagated in the gravitational field. A black hole is the higher GFI (Gravitational Field Intensity) area. The rays do not possess, coming from a distant source when pass by the black holes, adequate strength to disturb in the higher GFI area of the black holes. Naturally, the rays take on a curve path as the provision in a circular area depends on the radius (distance), keeping distance according to the lower GFI area around the black holes’ centre.

The celestial bodies like the sun, stars, etc., are the owner of higher gravitational field intensity areas and the ‎source of various ‎kinds of waves. Waves rush from higher gravitational field intensity areas like the sun to lower ‎gravitational field intensity ‎areas like the earth. This paper, finding out that the wave exchanges some ‎force during traveling from the sun to the ground. ‎Every wave has a frequency and each frequency of a wave ‎has two parts, crest and trough and both together is a complete ‎single frequency.‎

Based on Dirac’s negative energy, we propose and study the negative matter. Bondi’s results are wrong. First, the negative matter can be the simplest model of unified dark matter and dark energy. Next, we discuss various possible theories of the negative matter: some field equations, similar electrodynamics, field equations with non-symmetry, etc. Third, the quantum theory of negative matter is researched. Matter surrounded by dark-negative matter corresponds to an infinitely deep potential trap in quantum mechanics and forms a base of the universal wave-particle duality and quantum mechanics. Fourth, we propose the mechanism of inflation as the origin of positive-negative matters created from nothing. Fifth, assume that dark matter is completely the negative matter, and we may calculate an evolutional ratio between total matter and usual matter from 1 of inflation and the radiation-dominated universe to 7.88 of the present matter-dominated universe. It agrees with the observed value 6.36~7. Sixth, we research the relativity of the negative matter and theory in Lobachevskian geometry. Seventh, we propose a judgment test of the negative matter as dark matter is opposite repulsive lensing and other eight possible tests. Eighty, we propose a figure on the unification of the four basic interactions in three-dimensional space, in which the “running” coupling constants of strong and weak interactions transform each other. The negative matter as a candidate of unification of dark matter and dark energy is not only the simplest, and may explain inflation and be calculated and tested.

This paper starts with the most basic concept of heat as well as temperature, historically investigates the understanding of the nature of heat, the conclusion is that the nature of heat is just a form of energy. This energy includes the zero-point energy providing by the motion of all subatomic particles. The new definition of temperature should be that it is the degree of matter’s motion. These matters include subatomic particles. Therefore, at the absolute zero, the “temperature” should still exist. On accounting of no subatomic particles’ motion in the singularity of the black hole, I proved that there exists a new absolute zero temperature there, which is lower than the existing one. The theory proposed in this paper can be supported by following means: measuring the temperature inside the black hole, letting electrons stop moving, and designing a Casimir vacuum pump.

In bijective modeling, the physical reality is represented by the set X, the model of physical reality by the set Y. Every element in the set X has exactly one correspondent element in the set Y. Set X and set Y are related by the bijective function f : X -> Y. Bijective modeling is confirming that time is the duration of given system entropy increasing in time-invariant space.

The paper presents the experimental results on how the tube bore of copper bromide laser influence the gain radial distribution. A pair of copper bromide lasers in an oscillator- amplifier configuration was operated to measure and compare the small-signal gains of different laser tube bores. The gain radial distributions were measured in different size of amplifier tube bores. It was shown that, by changing the amplifier tube bore, the gain radial distribution was changed, similar to that of the temperature profile, but the average of radial gains through cross-section are the same in different laser tube bores.

First, we emphasize that preconditions of entropy increase are 1) for isolated systems; 2) various internal interactions in system must be neglected; 3) they must be thermal equilibrium processes. We proposed possible entropy decrease due to fluctuation magnified and internal interactions in isolated systems, and research various possible entropy decreases in physics, which include phase transformation from disorder uniformity to order state. Next, the solidification forms spontaneously an order structure, and it may be process of entropy decrease. Third, we propose that entropy decrease exists necessarily in self-assembly as isolated system. Fourth, we discuss the molecular motor and entropy decreases in biology. Fifth, we research entropy decrease in astronomy and propose quantitatively a total formula of entropy change for universal evolution of any natural and social systems. As long as we break through the bondage of the second law of thermodynamics, the rich and complex world is full of examples of entropy decrease.

We are familiar with wave – water wave in pond, river, sea, sound wave in the air, the light wave, the infrared wave comes from the sun to the earth. Water waves arise for the disruption in the area of water. In the air, sound waves occur for some disorder. The gravitational field is surrounded everywhere in the universe. Light waves, infrared waves, radio waves are the cause of disruption in the gravitational field. Surges of seawater bear more power than river water because of the density of sea water-heavy than river water. Light waves and others of the sun carries more force than earth because the gravitational field intensity of the sun is higher than the ground. In this paper, we will study the cause of why the nature phenomena of waves such as light disturbs in the gravitational field.

Nickel Titanium alloys have proved to be a perfect choice for materials used for medical devices like catheters, pacemakers and stone removal mesh. However, there are some challenges related to the shape and size modifications required to suffice the applications. The alloy needs improvements particularly in the areas of porosity for bone replacement, radiopacity, super elasticity and fatigue strength. There is a wide range of applications of biocompatible Porous NiTi alloys in the areas of inter body fusion devices, synthetic bone grafting, etc. Although it cannot be denied of the possibility of high corrosion factor of Porous NiTi alloys as compared to solid NiTinol due to greater surface area in contact with the body fluids. Such cases include definite surface preparation to cater to the need for increased biocompatibility. This paper includes the synthesis of porous NiTi alloys through the sintering process along with a check of the surface treatments and its effects on the properties related to corrosion of Porous NiTinol. The Alloys were subjected to different treatments like dry heating, boiling in water and passivation. The corrosion resistance, after and before the treatments were evaluated.

Casimir vacuum has many peculiar properties, e.g. the speed of light can exceed c. This paper investigated the behavior of gas molecules in Casimir vacuum. Analysis and calculation indicate that we can get a new absolute zero in Casimir vacuum. This is due to the Hamiltonian, which equals the kinetic energy of the ensemble of gas molecules that is reduced in Casimir vacuum; therefore, the gas constant R is changed. This conclusion has great significance for the research of the vacuum properties.

In the present paper, we attempt to explain what we really do not know or understand. For this, we assume to accept approaches that go against reason and common sense. We will try to give a view, about inaccuracy arguments state that the gravity force associated with mass, is caused by the deformation of the space adjacent to it. To move from the real world to the world of fantasy, we only needed to support the misconception of the time dilation in the fallacy of the space deformation. We will use this paper to expose some writings that contribute to masking logical reasoning.

Investigating the elementary process of diffusion yielded the universal expression of diffusivity relevant to the angular momentum of each microparticle in a material. Using the diffusivity obtained then for the diffusion equation, the wave equation of Schreadinger was theoretically derived from the physical concept in Newton mechanics. The derivation itself reveals that any moving microparticle has the wave image as an intrinsic nature. It was theoretically revealed that the relation having been accepted as a hypothesis proposed by De Broglie is really valid for any moving microparticle and also that another relation of matter-wave is possible. The new diffusion theory based on the matter-wave will be useful for further development of the nanotechnology in materials science.

There are different approaches for investigating the force as well as the gravity. Newton emphasized the mathematical meaning of gravity. Einstein’s gravity is geometry. The physical exploring for gravity is still on the way. Le Sage investigated the nature of gravity, but his theory has many defects. This paper gives out a physical chemistry approach for the nature of force, which bases on gravitons’ reaction by introducing the concepts of Gibbs free energy change and holographic screen. The change of the Gibbs free energy results in the imbalance on the two sides of the holographic screen, it is the force. The change of force as the distance depends on the distribution of gravitons. For the solar system, the graviton gas distributes in the centre-radical pattern, so the inverse-square law is applicable. But in the galaxies, the distribution of the graviton gas is not in center-radical, therefore the acceleration is just inversely proportional to the distance (not square of distance), which is equivalent to the centripetal force. The flatness of the rotation curve can be explained without dark matter.

In this paper, the gravitational analog of Bohr’s theory for the Solar System is presented by deriving explicit expressions for the gravitational analog of Bohr’s quantum condition on angular momentum of a secondary (planet or satellite) revolving around its primary (the Sun or a planet) and Planck’s constant , in terms of known physical quantities of the System (the Solar or a Satellite System). The correspondence principle connecting atomic theory and gravitational theory is stated. It turns out that the ground state orbit of an electron in an atom corresponds to the Roche limit of the primary (defined in the text) in the gravitational case. The gravitational Planck’s constant h_G , when taken into atomic-scale via the Correspondence principle gives an expression for the Planck’s constant of the atomic scale. It has shown here that a one-to-one correspondence exists between the Planetary Distance Law and the Electron Orbital Distance Law.

In this work, a copper bromide laser with an active medium length of 58 cm and an inner diameter of 20 mm designed and constructed. He and Ne used as buffer gases. The effect of reservoir temperature, He and Ne buffer gas pressure, frequency and electrical input power on the output power investigated. The result of experiments shows that an optimum laser efficiency obtained at the electrical input power of 2.1kW and corresponding operational temperature of 510 oC. The maximum output powers, 4 and 6 W, with use of He and Ne buffer gases, were determined at pressures 11 and 24 torr, respectively.

The Von Neumann entropy plays a central role in the quantum information theory and is a concave function and following the property . In this paper, we introduce a new proof for the linearity of Von Neumann entropy in the rate without using the above inequality. Here the Von Neumann entropy is concave; that is, given weights and density matrices . Roughly speaking, we will show that in the rate case, the Von Neumann entropy is linear without using Fannes inequality.

The notion of “time” is one of the key concepts in physics and philosophy and it “occupies a key role to bridge domains of experience belonging to the spiritual and physical sides of our nature” as says Sir Arthur Eddington. This essay has for subject, historical and philosophical origins of “arrow of time” as a physical notion. It is a case in which we can clearly see the close interplay between physics and philosophy.

In the present paper, we derive generalized symmetries of order three of the Camassa–Holm equation by infinite prolongation of a generalized vector field and applying infinitesimal symmetry criterion. In addition, one-dimensional optimal system of Lie subalgebras investigated by applying the adjoint representation. Furthermore, determining equation for multipliers and the 2- dimensional homotopy formula employed to construct higher–order conservation laws for the Camassa–Holm equation.

In the recent work, we will criticize the mental experiment that A. Einstein proposed, with the name of the principle of equivalence, to justify the validity of his theory in the case in which the reference systems do not move with uniform and rectilinear speed.

This paper is discussing how and where imaginary numbers came to be and how their extension to our classic number line helped mathematics to grow even faster. We talk about the beginning of imaginary numbers and the set of rules that come with them. We show how an error that occurred in an equation started the discovery of these. These numbers also help us achieve a better perspective towards the parabolas we see every day. At the end, you can see how these new numbers found the perfect place on the number line and fit in well with different categories we all know.

Palchoudhury gas theory is capable of describing the function of a heat engine. We can measure the capacity of a heat engine in two ways. 1) The product of pressure and inner surface area 2) The outcome of the gas constant, a number of moles, the outer surface area of gas and temperature.

Some innovative diagram for the optimum parameters in operation of a sealed CW CO₂ laser was extracted by using the evolutionary genetic algorithm. By picking up an optimum value for the cavity stability parameter, geometrical factor (g), the optimum value of other parameters such as tube diameter, tube length and the coupler transmission, are resulted by these optimum diagrams.

Views  In this paper, we intended to understand why and how the Lorentz transformations act. Knowing ‎the ‎structure of formula will help us to consider more about the fallacy of time dilation. Here, we will ‎show ‎that the space occupied by an object is not lengthened, but it is as a consequence of reference ‎system ‎motion respect to the object.‎‎‎

Another published paper of the author proposes that proton and neutron radii have contraction ‎inside the atomic nuclei, generating a discrepancy of 8s between the neutron lifetime measured in ‎beam and bottle experiments. According to the present theory, the neutron radius in beam ‎experiments dilates from 0.26fm up to 0.87fm during the initial 8s, after which begins the process of ‎decay. The present paper proposes a new neutron model with quark structure d(u-e-u), with an ‎electron sandwiched between two up quarks. It reproduces very well all neutron properties, as for ‎instance the radial charge distribution, impossible to be reproduced considering the current quark ‎model ddu. So, the radial charge distribution of neutrons (obtained from beam experiments, if ‎measured in the first initial 8 seconds of their lifetime) has to exhibit a curve a little different of that ‎measured in 2007 in the Jefferson Lab. Here is proposed to JLab to repeat the experiment under ‎such new condition.

In this study, at the first step, the hydrographic net of province rivers was provided based on topography map (1:25000 scale) and hydrographic net from Tamab Iran (Company of Iranian Water Recourses Engineering). Based on these definitions, the whole of Tehran province area was divided into 25 different areas. In this study, the areas comprise 415 streams, and in different distances the complications e.g. bridge, terraces, diversion dam, floor dam, slop breaker, dike, epi, height of structures location, area of structures and impure slop in structures were evaluated in term of quality and quantity. Their conditions were presented in 25 area in our study area followed by tables and related descriptions. The results showed that maximum and minimum abundances were the bridge (715 cases) and dike (6 cases), respectively. Eventually, with the implementation of this research, the quantity and quality of structures such as bridge, terraces, diversion dam, floor dam, slop breaker, dike, epi, height of structures location, in the watershed basins of Tehran, Damavand, Bilaghan, Delichai, Jajrood Astalak,Varangerood, Lar, are determined.

Some halide lasers tubes with different volume were used to investigate the geometrical dependence of the output power of the laser. An optimum length-to-bore ratio of about 30 was obtained, which gives a maximum average output power of halide lasers. The relationship between maximum average output power and geometrical factors of lasers were deduced and compared by than that of copper vapor lasers. So, the straightforward relation was obtained for designing of halide lasers tubes.

In this article, we asked about the validity of the results obtained using atomic ‎clocks, when trying to ‎contrast the idea of the Time Dilation.‎ As we will try to demonstrate, the idea of time dilation is a utopia that appears by a ‎misinterpretation of a Thought experiment. However, physical experiments performed with great precision, using atomic clocks, ‎are interpreted as the occurrence of such fallacy. What if we are wrong? Do these ‎physical experiments serve to corroborate the idea of time dilation?‎