The demand of herbal based medicines are increasing all over the world and the focus on plant research has increased. Centella asiatica (CA) is a medicinal herb used in traditional medicine as remedy for a variety of diseases. It is widely used in Ayurvedic medicines. The present study evaluated the Analgesic Activity of Aqueous Extract of the leaves of Centella asiatica (AECA). Acute oral toxicity test was performed according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2008 (OECD) guidelines. The tail flick method and glacial acetic acid-induced writhing tests were used to study the central and peripheral analgesic activities of AECA, respectively. AECA (200mg/kg) produced significant analgesia in both central and peripheral mechanisms compared to the control. The maximal analgesic effect was observed after 90 minutes of drug administration in the tail-flick method. In the glacial acetic acid-induced writhing test, AECA (200 mg/kg, p.o) produced a significant decrease (71.07%) in the number of writhes (p<0.01) when compared to the control. Therefore, CA can be a very promising herbal-based medicine for treatment of various painful conditions. Further investigations are needed to determine the precise mechanism and site of action of AECA.

The study focused on using scientometric methods to analyze forensic medicine and toxicology literature. The selected period for the study was from 2013 to 2022, allowing for a recent and comprehensive field analysis. The study used bibliographic data from a PubMed database, a widely used biomedical literature database. The study aimed to provide a comprehensive picture of the production and dissemination of the literature in the field. To achieve this, the study analyzed various bibliometric indicators, including theme analysis, keyword evolvement, and collaboration map. The analysis of trending topics and future thematic directions in the field was also conducted to provide insight that could inform and stimulate the research interests of young researchers. This scholarly article explains the construction of author networks, the assessment of author productivity yearly, and the analysis of affiliation networks and organizations. The number of articles published by an institution is an essential indicator of research productivity and expertise in the particular field. The study's findings provided valuable insights into the trends and patterns in forensic medicine and toxicology.

Novasome technology is a novel encapsulation-based drug delivery method that is more effective and efficient than standard liposome systems. It is composed of a mixture of surfactant, cholesterol, and free fatty acids, which produce superior vesicle characteristics for drug delivery. Various studies have investigated the optimal combination of surfactant type, free fatty acid type, and their ratio, as well as the formulation factors that can significantly affect the vesicle characteristics. The novasome technology has demonstrated its potential for delivering a range of substances, including terconazole, fenticonazole, zolmitriptan, and vaccines. Novasomes can be produced using various methods, such as the thin film hydration (TFH) method, injection method, and vortex method combined with a suitable size reduction method. Future research can focus on exploring the potential of novasome technology for delivering a wider range of drugs and vaccines and developing more efficient and effective methods for producing novasome vesicles.

The present study was designed to evaluate the antihyperlipidemic and antioxidant activities of leaves of Paederia foetida (EEPFL). The ethanolic extract was obtained by infusion method, and acute oral toxicity tests were performed according to Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2006 (OECD) guidelines. Hyperlipidemia was induced by feeding the rats with a high-fat diet consisting of coconut oil and vanaspati ghee in a ratio of 2:3 v/v at a dose of 10 ml/kg body weight. The extract was given at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol were measured for antihyperlipidemic activity. For antioxidant activity, Malondialdehyde (MDA), Catalase (CAT), and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) were measured using standard methods. The extract showed a significant decrease in total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and MDA in the blood. On the other hand, HDL, CAT, and SOD increased significantly. The study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of leaves of Paederia foetida decreased blood lipid levels and lipid peroxidation. These findings suggest that the EEPFL may have potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of hyperlipidemia and oxidative stress-related diseases.

Primary insomnia is the most prevalent health problem among the elderly in India. It is linked to musculoskeletal disorders, cardiac disorders, Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), depression, and schizophrenia. The incidence rate of primary insomnia among the elderly is 5%, and the prevalence rate is 20% or more. With an increase in the geriatric population, this prevalence rate will increase further. In Ayurveda, Netratarpana is described as a treatment modality for insomnia, but it was not studied yet. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Netratarpana in Anidra (primary insomnia). In this RCT, 70 patients with Primary insomnia were randomly divided into two groups. In group A (n=35), Netratarpana was performed for 14 days, and group B (n= 35) was given Jatamansi powder 5 g at night with buffalo milk for 14 days as a comparison. The follow-up was taken on the 7th, 14th, and 21st day. The assessment was done using the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) with the addition of Ayurvedic parameters. A total of 49 (70%) patients have an average age of 59.3 ± 3 years. There were 50 (71.4%) males and 20 (28.6 %) females. The sleep pattern was disturbed among 7 (10%), delayed among 19 (27.1%), and disturbed and delayed among 44 (62.9%). We found both Netratarpana and Jatamansi powder are effective in inducing sleep and preventing awakening during the night with a p-value of <0.05. It can be concluded that Netratarpana is effective in managing Anidra (primary insomnia), but the stability of the results needs to be confirmed by further study.

An increased risk of morbidity and mortality is associated with acute pancreatitis (AP) brought on by hypertriglyceridemia (HTG). It is essential to locate the root cause as soon as possible and give those affected the attention they need. The treatment plan includes efforts to lower blood triglyceride levels and supportive care. HTG-induced AP has a similar clinical course to people with other types of acute pancreatitis. However, HTG-induced AP patients have significantly higher clinical severity and associated consequences. As a result, therapy and preventing sickness recurrence depend on a correct diagnosis. At the moment, there are no acknowledged standards for the treatment of HTG-induced AP. Some therapy approaches that effectively decrease serum triglycerides include fibric acids, apheresis/plasmapheresis, insulin, heparin, and omega-3 fatty acids. Following acute phase care, lifestyle modifications, including dietary and drug therapy, are essential for long-term HTG-induced AP control and relapse prevention. To create complete and efficient HTG-induced AP treatment guidelines, more study is required.

Self-medication is treatment without a doctor's prescription, based on the 2022 BPS, the percentage of self-medication for the people of Central Sulawesi in 2021 is 85.85%. The purpose of the study was to determine the characteristics of the community who did self-medication, minor illnesses that were treated with self-medication, the profile of over-the-counter (OTC) and OTC limited medicines for self-medication and the level of knowledge of these medicines use for self-medication in the community of Tondo Village. This type of research was descriptive with a sample of 386 respondents who were taken using purposive sampling. Time of data collection during August – November 2021. Based on the results, the respondents characteristics were female (52.3%) aged 26-35 (24.4%), household work (31.1%), history of high school education (46.4%). Minor illnesses that were treated using self-medication were fever (15.54%), ulcer (7.46%), cough (15.54%), flu (18.91%), diarrhea (2.85%), headache (1 .30%), and allergy (0.78%). The profiles of OTC and OTC limited drugs are limited to paracetamol for fever (33.16%), antacids for ulcers (75.70%), Komix® for coughs (28.8%), Mixagrib® for flu (36.99%), Entrostop® for diarrhea (70,00%), Ibuprofen for headaches (100%), and CTM for allergies (100%). Number of pharmacy or drug store was 61.46%. The selection of drugs were based on experience and personal/family usage history (84.46%), and the reason for self-medication was to save treatment costs (47.15%). The level of knowledge on the use of OTC and OTC limited drugs was categorized as good (75.09%). Based on the findings, we can conclude that the level of knowledge on the use of OTC and OTC limited drugs for self-medication of Tondo people is categorized as good.

Tamoxifen is the most commonly used anti-estrogen adjuvant therapy for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer. However, it is associated with an increased risk of some serious side effects, such as uterine cancer, stroke, and pulmonary embolism. The flavonoid compounds in the leaves of A. manihot inhibited the growth of 4T1 breast cancer cells at a CTC50 concentration of 185.06 μg/ml. Therefore, this study aims to examine the molecular interactions and pharmacophore modeling based on the interaction of 4-OHT with human ER, followed by the molecular docking of the flavonoid derivatives with human ERα. The molecular docking simulations and 3D structure-based pharmacophore models were used to identify the molecular interactions of flavonoid derivatives in A. manihot on estrogen receptors (ERα) (PDB ID: 3ERT). The results showed that the binding energies of the flavonoid derivatives in isorhamnetin and isoquercitrin were -8.68 kcal/mol and -8.75 kcal/mol, respectively. This compound also interacted with Arg394 and Glu353 important amino acid residues in the ERα-binding pocket. Meanwhile, the pharmacophore fit scores of isorhamnetin and isoquercitrin were 82.36% and 84.91%, respectively. The flavonoid derivatives in A. manihot had pharmacophore fit resulting from the 4-OHT complex with ER, and therefore they had potential as ERα antagonists. Out of the 10 flavonoid derivatives, isorhamnetin and isoquercitrin showed the best docking scores and could be used as candidates for new anti-breast cancer drugs with antagonistic activity against ERα.

Mixing intravenous preparation especially in patients intensive care unit (ICU) at the hospital requiring special attention relating to their higher had medication errors, as nosocomial infection and incompatibility drugs. Things that need to be considered in mixing sterile preparations, namely compounding personnel, facilities and infrastructure and the process of mixing sterile preparations. This study aims to calculate the percentage of suitability for the mixing process for intravenous preparations based on the Basic Guidelines for Dispensing Sterile Preparations, Guidelines for Injectable and Cytostatic Drugs in 2009 and the Handbook of Injectable Drugs Edition 16th for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) patients at the hospital “X” Samarinda. The research is descriptive research using sheets observational data collection. The subject of research is do mixing, facilities, and infrastructure as well as mixing procedure. The results of observations as many 215 processes of mixing intravenous preparations observed in the ICU showed that 100% of compounding personnel were carried out by nurses, and 100% of infrastructure did not have a clean room, LAF, and pass box, 53% carried out the mixing process according to procedures, and physical quality tests. drug preparations are 100% in accordance with the Handbook of Injectable Drugs Edition 16th, namely the preparations produced are clear and free of foreign particles.

Compatibility is one of the quality characteristics of intravenous (IV) preparations that influences the effectiveness of patient therapy in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU). The purpose of this study was to determine the compatibility profile of IV medication formulations given to ICU patients. This prospective observational research was undertaken on patients in the ICU of a private hospital in Samarinda. The data on intravenous combination of drugs were compared in this study utilizing the ASHP Injectable Drug Information literature 21st edition, Injectable drug guide, and Manual Book. Injectable Drug Mixing was published in 2009 as a resource for determining the compatibility of intravenous formulations. Using certain criteria, combinations of intravenous medicines and their solvents are classed as compatible (C), incompatible (I), and unknown (U). The ICU had 25 patients, 15 of whom were male and 10 of them were female. There is no mixing of drug compounds containing incompatible solvents. All drugs were carried out with 100% compatible solvents. The limited information related to the compatibility and stability of these intravenous preparations encourages continuous monitoring of the patient's condition and drug levels.

Gangrene is one of the complications of diabetes mellitus. Along with the rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM), the prevalence of gangrene and necrosis manifestations such as ulcers and infections will ascend. The selection of appropriate antibiotics is critical in infection therapy. Inappropriate use of antibiotics will result in antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this research aims to overview demographic, clinical characteristics, antibiotic use profiles, and antibiotic-related problems for DM patients with gangrene at the Abdoel Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda Hospital. The study was retrospective research and was conducted in July-December 2021. Twenty-one patients met the inclusion criteria, and demographic data showed that most patients were men 57% (n=11), and most age was 39-59 years (57%, n=12). The longest period of suffering from gangrene was 6-10 years (14%, n=3). The most common length of hospitalization was 8-14 days, as reported by 52 percent (n=11) of patients, and the most common duration of antibiotic use was ten days, as reported by 86 percent (n=18) of patients. A single-used antibiotic was ceftriaxone (19%, n=4) patients. The most used antibiotic combination was ceftriaxone and metronidazole (81%, n=17). Fourteen patients used antibiotics appropriately in dosage, route, and frequency. Four patients were unsuitable for the benefit of antibiotics in terms of antibiotic type, and three patients were unsuitable for antibiotic use in terms of duration of administration.

The co-amorphous solid dispersion system is one of the methods to improve the physicochemical characteristics and stability of a drug. With the appropriate material ratio and preparation method, a co-amorphous solid dispersion system can increase the bioavailability of the drug due to an increase in solubility. In addition, the co-amorphous system will maintain its amorphous shape longer than a single compound. However, using unsuitable materials and methods for co-amorphous fabrication will precipitate them and diminish their bioavailability. As a result, exploring the fundamentals of co-amorphous manufacturing methods is essential. This article discusses the physicochemical properties and solubility of co-amorphous mixtures prepared by solvent evaporation, milling, and quenching methods. Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar literature were obtained using the keywords 'co-amorphous preparation', 'co-amorphous method', 'solvent evaporation for co-amorphous preparation', 'milling methods for co-amorphous preparation', and 'quenching method for co-amorphous preparation'. We excluded literature whose application was not in the medical field. Based on the findings, the co-amorphous preparation methods have their respective advantages and disadvantages. Solvent evaporation can only be used on a small scale. Milling techniques are laborious and time-consuming but have a large yield and less chemical destruction, while the quenching method is only intended for thermostable compounds.

A pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated by a quality policy in its management. The principles of Quality by Design (QbD) must be applied to ensure the development of pragmatic and systematic methods while managing the risks associated with analytical methods. Quality by Design (QbD) is a scientific way to develop easy and robust analytical techniques for critical analysis. Quality by Design (QbD) is a systematic approach to product or method development that starts with predetermined goals and uses a science and risk management approach to achieve product and method understanding. The concept of risk management is deeply integrated into the quality assurance system to ensure pharmaceutical quality and patient safety. In the context of quality control, detecting impurities in raw materials and finished products is a major concern. Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) aims to achieve quality in measurement. The main objectives are to explain the various steps involved in developing a method using a Quality by Design (QbD) approach for the development of analytical methods and to explain the implementation of Quality by Design (QbD) in the validation of analytical procedures. The advantages of applying Quality by Design (QbD) principles to analytical techniques include finding and minimizing sources of variability that could lead to poor method robustness and ensuring that the method meets the desired performance requirements over the product and method life cycle. The Analytical Quality by Design (AQbD) strategy is increasingly being adopted as it allows an early understanding of the method and guarantees the determination of a wider set of experimental conditions.

Semisolid preparations are widely used to deliver drugs through the skin, cornea, rectal tissue, nasal mucosa, vagina, buccal tissue, urethral membrane, and outer ear lining. They can prevent the first-pass metabolism, reduce side effects, provide immediate local effects, and increase patient compliance. However, an improper manufacturing process will produce a system with bad characteristics, one of which is the mixing process. Several conditions that need to be considered, such as vacuum, temperature, humidity, pressure, stirring speed, stirring time, shear stress, the volume of the mixture, and type of impeller, can affect the consistency, size, and dispersion of particle size, homogeneity, porosity, reactivity, and other characteristics that affect the quality of the semisolid system. Therefore, this article discusses the critical aspects of semisolid mixing, the types, principles, and specifications of several mixer tools and impellers, and how they affect the characteristics of semisolid systems. This review concludes that each type of semisolid preparation requires an impeller and mixer with the specifications and mixing conditions that suit the needs in maintaining the stability and quality of the semisolid system.

A variety of potential polymers with chemical and physical stability characteristics and abundant availability lead to the rapid application of polymers in various fields. One of the crucial things that are crucial to be discussed from such polymers is the characteristic of thermal behavior. Each type of polymer such as natural and synthetic has different thermal characteristics, including Tc, Tg, Tm, and Td which can be the determining factor of polymer selection of processing and application temperature. The thermal properties will also affect molecular interactions, physical stability in manufacturing, distribution, and storage. Therefore, in this article will appoint a study on the thermal characteristics of natural and synthetic polymers, the effect of modification on the thermal properties of polymers, efforts to increase the stability of thermal, and polymer applications in the field of pharmaceutical technology.

Free radicals in the air can trigger dangerous diseases, such as cancer and premature aging. To avoid this, antioxidant compounds are needed to donate electrons to free radicals, causing them to become more stable. A powerful antioxidant can be found in nature, including the mangosteen peel. This study aimed to find the best instant granule preparation formula from mangosteen peel extract (MPE) that can be practically consumed and the antioxidant stability during preparation. The wet granulation method was used to make instant granules, which have four formulas with varying amounts of xanthan gum as a suspending agent and maltodextrin as a solubility enhancer. The antioxidant activity was examined using the DPPH method. Based on the findings, formula 4 had the best properties with a drying shrinkage of 1.80%, a flow rate of 11.54 ± 1.56 g/s, repose's angle of 29.112 ± 0.45ᵒ, carr index of 14.043 ± 1.9%, and dispersion rate of 0.164 g/s. There is no residue in the solution. The shape and taste of this formula were most acceptable. The antioxidant activity of the extract and instant granules was not significantly different, with the IC50 of 34.64 μg/ml and 44.12 μg/ml, respectively. Based on the test result, it can be concluded that formula 4 with a concentration of xanthan gum 1% and 20% maltodextrin is a potent antioxidant supplement.