Antibiotics are a vital tool in the treatment of a wide range of bacterial diseases, but their overuse and abuse are leading to bacterial resistance. Culture and sensitivity are the best test to select appropriate antibiotics. Objective: To evaluate the antibiotic susceptibility of clinical isolates to various antibiotics. Methods: Collection of samples was done from patients at the Fatima Memorial Hospital's pathology department in Lahore, Pakistan. Total 1000 clinical isolates were isolated from 1400 samples collected. Conventional culture and biochemical tests were used for the identification of bacteria. Antibacterial activity were assessed by comparing antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Gram positive clinical isolates to 26 commercial antibiotic discs (Amikacin, Amoxycillin, Ampicillin, Augmetin, Cefazolin, Cefepime, Cefixime, Cefotaxime, Cefoxiitin, Cefriaxone, Ceftazidime, Cefuroxime, Cephalothin, Ciprofloxicin, Clindamycin, Gentamycin, Imipenem, Levofloxacin, Linezolid, Meropenem, Nalidixic Acid, Nitrofurantoin, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Rifampicin, and Vancomycin) by using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Results: A total of 1000 clinical isolates had been identified. Among Gram Positive isolates, the most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus 400 (40.0%) and Streptococcus pyogenes 50 (5.0%). Conclusion: There is need to improve the technical facilities to minimize the antibiotic resistance by selecting appropriate antibiotics and proper hand washing recommended.

Ostriches are frequently infected with viral, fungal, and bacterial diseases. This disease does not require airborne transmission and does not involve the respiratory system. Objective: To determine the antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera tea leaves and seed against bacteria in Ostrich feces. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from captive ostriches at the W.A Apparel factory. E. coli was isolated after the samples were inoculated on EMB. The antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seeds and tea leaves was investigated. The antimicrobial activity of Ostrich feces was tested against E. coli. Results: The results showed that tea extract had no antimicrobial activity against E. coli. Moringa oleifera seeds extract prepared in ethanol on the other hand, were effective against E. coli. Conclusion:Moringa oleifera seeds (di ethanolic extract) have the potential to be effective against E. coli.

The best three distinct families of putative pheromone receptors have been identified in the vomeronasal organ (V1Rs, V2Rs and V3Rs). All are G protein-coupled receptors but are only distantly related to the receptors of the main olfactory system, highlighting their different role. Objective: To characterize the Vomeronasal receptor 2 gene family in Zebra Fish (Danio rerio). Methods: Extensive survey was done to choose top V2R genes. Different software and tools were used to characterize those genes including Eggnog 2.0, MAFFT, ITOL, Weblogo and SOSUI Signal. Results: In order to get insights into this gene family in Zebra fish, we performed an extensive survey of V2R derived datasets. We identified 62 genes distributed among Danio rerio encoding putative vomeronasal proteins. V2R gene family was found to be highly conserved in this study by using Weblogo. It evolved at the level of eukaryotes. The V2R is involved mainly in olfaction. Conclusions: The basic repertoire of V2R genes seems to be larger for most of the species including Danio rerio and gene duplication still plays a role in lineage-specific increases in diversity. V2R gene family is very ancient, has high duplicability suggesting its essentiality.

Markhor is a national animal of Pakistan. It is present in different regions of KPK, Baluchistan and Sindh with majority of the population in KPK region. Generally, five species of Markhor are present in different areas of Pakistan and they differ from each other on the basis of their location and their horns. Its status is endangered in Pakistan and major reasons for its decline are habitat loss, hunting and poaching etc. An increase in hunting has been observed in last few decades due to its skull and meat importance. Although a lot of conservations programs are involved for the protection of this animal and various different national and international agencies are also working on it such as NWFP wildlife department etc. The agencies are collecting funds from different sources like tourism to protect this animal. The present review highlights the importance of Markhor along with its distribution, major threats and conservation strategies adopted to protect Markhor in Pakistan.

In public spaces like streets and other outdoor areas, merchants prepare and sell foods and drinks for sale. The Food and Agriculture Organization estimates that 2.5 million individuals eat street food every day. Objective: To study the assessment of microbial contamination of juices vended in streets in District Mardan of Pakistan. Methods: 315 samples comprising juices of sugarcane, pomegranate, jaggery, plum, mango, banana and apples were aseptically collected from three Tehsils of district Mardan including Katlang, Takht Bhai and Mardan. Results: Analysis of the samples revealed that 96% of juices had high loads of bacterial pathogens such as Coliforms (96.82%), Staphylococcus (81.90%), Salmonella (64.76%). In Tehsil Katlang and Takht Bhai all collected samples were contaminated while in Mardan Tehsil 87.6% bacterial contamination was observed. Very high number of coliforms were observed in sugarcane, apple juices and Jaggery, Salmonella counts were highest 21.05x10² cfu/ml in Jagerry and Staphylococcus growth was highest in sugarcane 1.22x10³ cfu/ml. Conclusions: It was noted that coliforms contamination is significantly higher as compared to other two bacteria indicating sewage water mixing in water used for preparation or handling of these juices. To prevent future food-borne infections, it is advised that frequent inspection of the quality of juices sold on the street be done.

The Zoonotic viruses have been a threat to the health care systems in all around the globe. The spread was pandemic with high mortality and morbidity rates [1]. The zoonotic viruses like small pox and monkey pox is included in orthopox genus of poxviridae family and is public health concern all around the world. The newly emerging zoonotic diseases have the potential to cause epidemics and have high mortality, have long been a threat to the security of global health [2, 3]. Prior to 2003, the first human monkey pox case around the Africa was identified and the monkey pox was endemic to nations such as western and central African. There has been a lot of upheaval recently because to the monkey pox outbreak that has affected 18 non-African nations, totaling 103 sure diseases cases and about 106 cases who had a little suspicion or early signs related [4, 5]. The worldwide epidemic of this illness has shown no fatalities have been recorded yet. Following a warning from the World Health Organization regarding an increase in cases of monkey pox in non-endemic nations, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Pakistan’s health authority, issued a warning to provincial and national health organizations advising them to intensify surveillance of the occurrence [3, 6]. Pakistan now is attempting to deal with the COVID-19 difficulties in this dire political and economic scenario. Another health and economic catastrophe rose in the next days as a result of the brittle healthcare system, inability to prevent fatal illnesses, and lack of resources [7]. A sensitive people are more vulnerable to subsequent epidemic cycles because of the ecological void left by the rising number of people lacking poxvirus protection after the smallpox vaccination programme was discontinued. In light of these challenges, Pakistan must make proactive plans in advance to prevent any disastrous events. The smallpox vaccine has historically demonstrated cross-protective immunity against monkey pox; however, Pakistan stopped administering the smallpox vaccine after the WHO proclaimed the globe free of the disease in 1980. Given that there are presently no monkey pox diagnostic tests accessible in Pakistan, the likelihood of an epidemic is even more concerning [8]. As a result, urgent action is required to stop the spread of the monkey pox virus [9]. The monkey pox infection spreads slowly as compared to Covid and requires the isolation and immunization to health care professionals before and after the exposure. No stigma should be attached to the distribution of health advice. The medical and allied professionals in the clinical practice may interact with suspected or confirmed case of monkey pox and advised to practice a maintained distance and limitation in contact, including proper maintained handling of all equipment and other things like contaminated syringes, garbage, and clothing. The disinfection of the surfaces of equipment and surrounding should be performed [10]. Public health emergency and control teams should be constituted as soon as the existence of a disease in the nation is confirmed in order to oversee and coordinate the response. Surveillance should involve an active search rather than depending on medical personnel's passive disease reporting. Monkey pox case identification and increased surveillance are crucial tools for comprehending the dynamic epidemiology of this emerging disease [11, 12].

Around the globe, human societies have employed insects and the compounds collected from them as a source of therapeutic resources. These creatures have not only been used medically, but also mystically and magically in a variety of civilizations to cure various diseases. For pharmaceutical study, insects seem to be an almost limitless resource. Medicinal potential of insects makes a substantial contribution to the debate over biodiversity preservation. Bee venom treatment is common in conventional medicine to cure ailments including rheumatism, arthritis, discomfort, malignant tumors, and skin. Several peptides with a range of medicinal benefits are present in bee venom including Melittin, apamin, ado lapin, the mast cell degranulating peptide, enzymes (phospolipase-A2) and amines including histamine and adrenaline. Melittin and phospolipase-A2 may be used to treat cancer cells, which can include leukemia and cancer cells of the kidney, liver, prostate, lung, and mammary gland. Bee venom may cause cancer cells to undergo apoptosis, according to a recent study by Moon et al. In rheumatoid synovial cells, bee venom promotes apoptosis by decreasing the expression of BCL2 and increasing the expression of BAX and caspase-3. In synovial fibroblasts from rheumatoid arthritis patients, bee venom causes apoptosis by activating caspase-3 [1]. Human immunodeficiency virus can be eliminated by a toxin present in bee venom (HIV). Melittin, which surrounds the HIV virus among other viruses, is present in bee venom. Nanoparticles in this melittin are abundant and target a crucial component of the virus' structure. For use in upcoming clinical studies, nanoparticles are simple to produce in large numbers [2]. Maggot treatment is a kind of biotherapy that includes injecting live, sterilized maggots (fly larvae) into the nonhealing skin and soft tissue wounds of a person or an animal in order to debride the wound of necrotic (dead) tissue and disinfect it. Maggot treatment has been shown to aid in wound healing. The Pseudomyrmex sp. often known as the samsum ant, is a species of South American tree ant. Its venom has a wide range of therapeutic benefits, including the treatment of hepatitis and the protection of the liver [3]. The utilization of insects as a natural product has the potential to provide a treatment that is effective in both treating and preventing illnesses. Development of insects as significant new alternative medicines has advanced significantly in recent years. Since insects are very diverse and have long used a wide variety of natural chemicals to adapt to environmental changes, this is an intriguing and quickly growing new field to study in medicine

Singhari Sperata sarwari is an Indus catfish (family Bagridae) present in Pakistan and Indus drainage system in India. Objective: To check the Prevalence of ectoparasites on Singhari (Sperata sarwari) fish. Methods: A sample of 30 specimens of a freshwater catfish, Sperata sarwari was collected from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan, during December 2017 to May 2018. Total 30 fish were examined for ectoparasites. Out of 30 fish, only 08 were diseased with Lernaea. Results: The total prevalence of Lernaea was 26.66%. Lernaea had highest prevalence (37.5%) in 1000-1200g body weight of fish group, while it was lowest (16.66%) in 100-300g body weight fish group. Lernaea showed highest prevalence (33.33%) in fish length group of 66-85cm, while the least prevalence (14.28%) existed in 25-45cm fish length group. It was also observed that Lernaea showed seasonal variations and it was maximum in winter, (33.33%) in January and minimum in spring and summer (20%) in March and (0%) in April. Conclusions: The results indicated that Singhari fish with more weight and long length had more prevalence of infection as compared to less weight and shorter length. This could be due to access of greater area available to parasites for anchoring and hiding on the large sized fish.

Monkeypox is a rare zoonotic disease that is caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Poxviridae family. Avoid close contact with animals, whether they are living or dead, especially in endemic areas where this could be a source of infection transmission to healthy people. Separate sick people from those who might be contaminated. Frontline medical staff should be instructed and trained to rigorously adhere to traditional safety practices when dealing with verified or suspected cases. At the nation's entry and exit points, vaccination booths should be placed in order to stop the global spread of this contagious disease. Through extensive public awareness initiatives, people should be informed about sickness prevention, risk factors, and treatments. The public health departments of every nation should be alert for any signs that someone may be suffering from an unusual rash.

Ostrich farming is an important growing industry in Pakistan. Its business and importance is growing day by day. However, prevalence of bacteria is major threat to ostrich industry. Objective: To identify the dominant bacteria in the feces of ostriches. Methods: The ostrich that was kept in captivity at the W.A. Apparel factory provided the fecal samples. The samples were inoculated on EMB for the isolation of E. coli. Antibacterial effect of Moringa oleifera seeds and tea leaves with the use of chloroform as a solvent. The antibacterial activity was tested against E. coli using disc diffusion method. Amoxicillin and erythromycin were used as a control antibiotics. Results: It was noticed that tea extract did not show any antimicrobial activity against E. coli. However, Moringa oleifera seeds were effective against E. coli. Conclusion: It was concluded that Moringa oleifera seeds have the potential to work against E. coli.

Food and dairy industries play a very important role in the economy of every country. Aspartic proteases are important enzyme of dairy industry and is used in cheese making. Previously main sources of protease enzyme were plants, animal or fungi, but due to increased demand globally they are now mostly isolated from bacteria. Objectives: To isolate the milk clotting bacteria from the soil collected from dumping site of Mehmood Booti and produce aspartic protease from them. Methods: Soil sample was collected from Mahmood Booti dumping site near ring road, Lahore. After serial dilutions, sample was inoculated on nutrient agar plates. After 24 hours at 37°C temperature, opaque, round and cream-colored colonies were observed which were sub cultured in LB agar. From there colonies were grown on selective medium made of K2HPO4, (NH4)2 HPO4, casein, MgCl2, yeast extract and agar. After incubation, a colony with clear zone was selected and grown in LB broth for enzyme production. After incubation, broth was centrifuged and supernatant was isolated. While performing protease assay, 3 mL of 5% TCA was added in the mixture. Results: The mixture remained clear which depicted the hydrolysis of casein by protease. While the test tube containing water as blank showed precipitation of casein after the addition of TCA because in this enzyme was not present. Conclusions: This shows that the isolated bacteria had the ability to produce protease which was evident from the protease activity assay and that such bacteria are abundant in dumping site

Shigella is the most common cause of the endemic form of shigellosis. The presence of bacteria such as Shigella is major threat to ostrich industry. Objective: To look for the presence of Shigella in Ostrich feces. Methods: The feces were collected from captive ostriches at the W.A Apparel factory. Shigella were isolated after the samples were inoculated on SS agar. The antimicrobial activity of Moringa oleifera seeds and tea leaves was investigated. Antimicrobial activity against Shigella isolated from ostrich feces was tested. Results: It was noticed that tea extract lacked antimicrobial activity against tested species. Moringa oleifera seeds, on the other hand, were effective against Shigella. Conclusion: Moringa oleifera seeds have been found to show inhibitive effect and are effective against Shigella

Biofilm forming bacteria stick to one another or to the different surfaces or interface. Biofilm formation is not a good thing in many ways as they go with low metabolic rate and passed with less number of cell divisions. Objective: To find some novel anti-biofilm approaches against biofilms. Methods: Soil and water samples were collected from four sites. Soil samples were collected from agricultural land and road side of Hudiara village, Lahore, Pakistan. However, water samples were collected from BRB canal which is situated in village Barki and from tube well of village Hudiara located in Lahore district Punjab, Pakistan. For biochemical identification of isolates different types of biochemical tests such as MR, VP, SIM (motility), H2S, catalase, Indole and nitrate reduction were performed. Results: Some antibiotics and their combinations with different other antibiotics were checked and it was noticed the overall effects of antibiotics on bacterial biofilms have positive effects except disprin and Levofloxacin. While, Ciprofloxacin was found as an effective antibiotic. Combination of ciprofloxacin and disprin was used in order to remove the biofilm and it worked well to remove the biofilm. Conclusions: Different antimicrobial medications, all-natural compounds, and combinations of various antibiotics, including ciprofloxacin-disprin, clarithromycin-moxifloxacin, and certain all-natural ingredients like honey, ginger, and lemon juice, were utilized to remove bacterial biofilms. Thus, it can be said that most of the combinations produced better biofilm removal outcomes than the individual elements did.

With an estimated 21 million people, Pakistan is a heavily populated, developing nation. The general population's lack of awareness, an unclean lifestyle, and unsanitary circumstances in populated regions are the main causes of Pakistan's endemic prevalence of various infectious and non-communicable diseases. Studies on the prevalence and incidence of cancer in Pakistan are extremely rare. Only Karachi and Lahore previously had cancer registers, but in 2015 the Pakistan Health Research Council (PHRC) in Islamabad launched a national cancer registry. Females have a significantly higher age-standardized ratio for cancer (172/100000) than males have (145/100000). Recently, Pakistan has seen 150,000 new cases of cancer, with 60–80 percent of patients dying. In Pakistan, between 7000 and 7500 kids are diagnosed with cancer each year. In Pakistan, communicable illnesses and malnutrition are the leading causes of child mortality. Better diagnostic tools have led to cancer being a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in children. Data readily available indicates that 10% of all cancer cases reported in 2017 were juvenile malignancies. According to Pakistan's Karachi Cancer Registry, the two most common children cancers are leukaemia (31%) and lymphomas (20%). According to data from the Punjab Cancer Registry, lymphomas (31%) are more common than leukaemia (23%) overall. The recently established PHRC National Cancer Registry has very little information available at this time that demonstrates the prevalence of children cancers. An accurate surveillance system for cancer incidence and death is absolutely necessary. Population-based cancer registries are quite rare in the nation. There ought to be more cancer registries in a nation with more than 21 million citizens. In Pakistan, the most often diagnosed cancers are head and neck carcinoma, colon, prostate, lung, breast, and liver cancers. Different malignancies have varying chances of being cured. But every malignancy requires a unique approach to treatment. Different methods of fighting cancer include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation treatment, bone marrow transplant, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, targeted medication therapy, and cryoablation. The mechanism for gathering data needs to be improved, and the data should be pooled at the national level. Only when such data are available will it be possible for policymakers to allocate priceless healthcare resources sensibly.

The Indus River dolphin, sometimes known as the blind dolphin, is a freshwater cetacean that is exclusively found in Pakistan's Indus River. The IUCN Red List of vulnerable species lists the Indus River dolphin as endangered due to an 80% drop in its distribution range and a habitat that has been badly disrupted by dams and degraded by water diversions. The blind dolphin is a member of one of the oldest families of cetaceans, which separated about 29 million years ago, or roughly 22 million years before the emergence of contemporary dolphins. Its eyes are little and its vision is weak. Typically, indus dolphins are observed either singly or in small groups of two to three dolphins. They can occasionally be found in bigger groups of 20 to 30 people. On the Indus mainstem, there are still five subpopulations of indus dolphins, each of which is divided by irrigation barrages. In Bear River, India, there is a tiny, isolated colony of 18 to 35 Indus River dolphins. The Indus River barrages capture the flowing water and redirect it into a vast network of irrigation canals that emerge from each barrage to meet the demand for water for agriculture. Dolphins from the Indus River frequently travel to irrigation canals using flow regulator gates that are adjusted to the barrages throughout the year. Dolphins become stuck after the canals are shut down for maintenance because of an unexpected water deficit. Since 1992, Sindh Wildlife Department and WWF-Pakistan have collaborated on a dolphin rescue initiative to carefully remove any stranded dolphins from canals and return them to the main river channel. Between 1992 and 2017, 147 dolphins were reported to be caught in canals. Of those, 130 dolphins were successfully recovered and released back into the river, while one dolphin perished in the process. Because they could not be saved. However, little is known regarding the post-release survival rate of the people that were rescued. A dolphin monitoring network has also been established by WWF-Pakistan and Sindh Wildlife Department in conjunction with pertinent stakeholders and neighborhood groups to keep an eye on the Indus River as well as its nearby canals and tributaries and to search for any dolphins that may be stranded there. One of the main risks to Indus dolphins is intensive fishing, which raises the risk of dolphin entanglement in fishing nets and, ultimately, their mortality, especially when they travel near irrigation canals. After the devastating flood of 2010, there was a noticeable rise in illegal fishing between the Guddu and Sukkur barrages. In addition, the altered fishing system in Sindh province significantly increased the number of fishing licenses granted and exacerbated the negative effects of illegal fishing on the Indus River dolphin. In 2011, the Indus River dolphin's death rate peaked with 45 dolphins being reported dead, the majority of which were found while fishing was at its busiest. Since that time, the frequencies of dolphin fatalities have significantly decreased, but they are still not entirely under control. Especially in the Indus Dolphin Game reserve between Guddu and Sukkur Barrages, saving stranded dolphins from the irrigation canals is crucial to maintaining this dolphin population during the low flow season. Standard procedures and tools, such as a soundproof truck, are required for dolphin rescue operations

The review goes into great detail about the microemulsions' characteristics, structure, kinds, theories, characterization, and applications. They may be made easily by mixing the various ingredients together without the need for special tools or circumstances. Unlike the o/w type microemulsion, which has an aqueous continuous phase and oil droplets distributed in it, the w/o type microemulsion has oil as the continuous phase and water as droplets are disseminated in it. Microemulsions are classified into four primary categories based on different phase systems, and they are often utilized in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics sectors as well as in analytical methods. The design of medicine formulations and cosmetics may benefit from having a thorough understanding of the physicochemical and biological characteristics of microemulsions.

Water is important component of life but on earth, major part of water is wasted without human consumption. The resulting scarce water conditions along with continuous pollution of existing fresh water bodies are the serious challenges in current times. Addition of Heavy metals in water results in water toxicity and pollution. The presence of heavy metals in wastewater causes toxic effects on living organisms. The removal of metals from waste water can be removed by the process of bio sorption that results in the metals absorption on the biological surfaces. Objective: Keeping in consideration, present study was aimed for the removal of heavy metals from wastewater by using aloe vera leaf powder as adsorbent. Methods: Adsorption experiments of different metals in waste water were done using different percentages of Aloe Vera powder and results were recorded in terms of change in pH of solutions. Results: Alovera present at low percentages in mixture showed less adsorption. Similarly, adsorption was found to be higher with higher alovera percentage showing decrease in pH of the mixture. Atomic absorption spectrophotometric determination was done for metal Zn while analysis of Na was done using flame photometric technique for adsorption of metals in waste water. Results showed that 1.4 % alovera powder has used the metal absorbent efficiency was 9.495 %. However, with addition of 4 % alovera powder, percentage efficiency was increased to 10.237 % showing positive effect of alovera powder on metal extraction. Conclusion: By flame photometry of sodium result showed that extraction efficiency was 500 % using aloe vera powder. Aloe vera plant was proved to be an excellent biomaterial for accumulating metal ions from wastewater due to its outstanding uptake capacity.

Water is the most important requirement for life that is used for different purposes such as drinking, bathing, laundry and for many other various industrial applications. Clean water is the basic need of every human being. But the fresh water availability is limited now a days. Scarcity of water and untrustworthy water quality are the most important and major problems, so to attain the best water quality, desalinization of saline water is the alternate way to get the pure water and to improve the quality of life. Sea water covered almost the 94 % of the earth’s surface and support the various commercial purposes. Saline water originates from different other sources as well such as agriculture, aquacultures and many other industries including chemical, pharmaceutical industries. Saline water contains high amount of salt concentration and other contaminants, which affects the terrestrial and aquatic both lives. Desalination of saline water, is done to eradicate minerals including salts, from saline water. Thus, the treatment of saline water for the removal of contaminants and salt from the water is the important task now a days in many countries. Many different conventional methods are used for the treating of saline water, but all these methods are costly and has limited applications for limited areas. Generally saline water is treated with the chemical and physical methods. Biological methods and nanobiotechnology are also used now a days. This review highlights the different conventional and non-conventional, nanobiotechnology based and biological based methods that are used for the water desalination.

GeneXpert is attributed as one of the latest technical means for diagnosing Tuberculosis in very short period of time. Objectives: To evaluate the efficiency of GeneXpert and fluorescent microscopy in the detection of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB); To compare the sensitivity and specificity of GeneXpert and fluorescent microscope in the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosisMethods: In the present investigation, the diagnostic performance of GeneXpert MTB / RIF for tuberculosis was compared with the performance of light-emitting diode fluorescence microscope in TB samples from Narowal, Pakistan. For this purpose, a total of 299 TB positive specimens were obtained. Among these 54% (n = 160) were categorized to be obtained from male and 46% (n = 139) from female population. Data collected was distributed in 4 age groups; 0-20, 21-40, 41-60, and 61-80, in which the percentage and number of samples were found as 2% (n = 6), 60% (n = 179), 27% (n = 80) and 11% (n = 34), respectively. Results: The parameters including sensitivity and specificity calculated for GeneXpert were 73% and 100%, correspondingly, while the sensitivity and specificity calculated for LED-FM microscope were 43% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: This indicates that the GeneXpert is more sensitive in detecting MTB in comparison to LED-FM technique. The GeneXpert assay was also found to detect small number of bacillus from samples in comparison to LED-FM method

The antibiotics are an essential group of therapeutic drugs used to kill bacteria on various levels in the human body. These antibiotics had played a significant role for the treatment as well as the prevention of bacterial infections. The effectiveness of antibiotics against bacterial infections cannot be denied. However, an overuse and misuse of antibiotics, the current poor hygiene and contamination control mechanisms have lead to the improvement of antibiotic resistance. Anti-microbial or antibiotic resistance is an international public health issue, greatly dominant in the developing countries. Antibiotic resistance is a bacterial adaptation, which allows bacteria to persist regardless of the presence of antibiotics. Antibiotic resistance is a significant risk to human health and is being seen as a global environmental and economic risk. The relationship between bacterial resistance and misuse of antibiotics had been well documented, and was considered to be a major public health problem. Antibiotics are important to treat the bacterial infections but inaccurately prescription, misuse and overuse of antibiotics are elevating the antibiotic resistance. It is still a significant health problem in developing countries where not many hospitals have facilities for microbiology of clinical isolates which can assign to blind treatment. Change in the bacteriological profile due indiscriminate use of antibiotics has been associated with the appearance of multiple drug resistance strains. Information regarding the antibiotic susceptibility profile is essential in the selection of the most appropriate treatment and can minimize the antibiotic resistance. Preventive measures should be implemented in true sense to control antibiotic resistance. “Cleanliness is next to Godliness” and hence, clean surroundings as well as clean hands should be ensured. Soaps should be used for hand washing frequently. Awareness campaigns should be promoted and self-medication should be avoided. Antibiotic susceptibility investigations should be carried out for suspected bacterial infections.

Dengue fever is one of the most threatening vector borne diseases, causing severe epidemics and has brought the world to take serious steps for its control and prevention. Objective: The objectives of the study are to assess the attitudes regarding dengue vector control among community of Tehsil Sahiwal, District Sargodha Methods: It was a community based and cross-sectional study in which 384 residents of Tehsil Sahiwal of District Sargodha were included. Simple random sampling technique was used. Data was collected through questionnaire, which was entered and statistically analyzed using SPSS 20.0. Frequency tables were generated for all possible variables. For quantitative data like age and income, mean and standard deviation were calculated and for qualitative data like sex, education, occupation percentages were calculated. Written consent was taken from respondents.Results: Among 384 respondents, mean age was 37.35 + 11.67 years. 69.8% respondents were males. 58.1% respondents had overall good attitude and 41.9% had poor attitude. Among 207 respondents who had overall good knowledge, 199 (51.8%) had good attitude and 8 (2.1%) had poor attitude Conclusions: Study concluded that attitude regarding dengue vector control among community was found satisfactory 58.1% had overall good attitude.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) became a pandemic by the start of 2020. Mortalities went on rise due to lack of understanding of disease as the symptoms varied from population to population and even within the same population. Furthermore, there were lack of facilities in hospitals to accommodate the patients as well as to treat them. Pakistan is no exception and the situation here was also worsened. Government of Pakistan started to take emergency steps and devised new policies to provide facilities to patients regarding quarantine and treatment. In this review, there is an overview of Province-wise situation in Pakistan regarding the hospitals and facilities for COVID-19 patients. Flaws in the system and a comparison with world is also discussed.

Antibiotics form an important tool in the treatment of various bacterial infections but their overuse and misuse are resulting in antibacterial resistance among bacteria. Objective: to outline the frequency and gram categorywise distribution of clinical isolates from patient samples Methods: In this study, 1000 samples were collected from the patients attending the pathology department of Fatima memorial hospital, Lahore, Pakistan. Identification of bacteria was done through conventional culture and biochemical tests Results: one thousand clinical isolated were identified Conclusions: Gram negative bacterial isolates were prevalent, with 55% frequency distribution and Staphylococcus aureus was frequent as it was identified in 410 different samples of patients.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a small DNA virus composed of an icosahedral viral particle. It has a genome of 8000 base pairs approximately surrounded by a protein capsid [1]. In sexually transmitted infections and veneral diseases including vaginal intercourse, oral sex and anal sex, HPV has become more common in adults and accounts for 11% of cancer incidence in women worldwide [2]. It has become more common in sexually transmitted diseases. There are many types of HPV that are specific for specific diseases, but HPV type-16 is associated with HNSCC [2]. HPV has genomic DNA and almost 15-20% of HNSCC has the genomic DNA which is present in HPV. The distribution of HPV positive oropharyngeal cancer is highest in the tonsils, not frequently in the hypopharynx and very rare in the oral cavity. In tonsils the HPV DNA is found in 45%-67% of the cases, in hypopharynx the HPV DNA is found in 13%-25% of the cases and in the oral cavity and larynx the rate is 12%-18% and 3%-7% respectively. This shows the variation of HPV infection with the site of the tumor [3]. Detection of HPV in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma depends on the methodology used and type of tissue examined. Yield of HPV DNA extracted from oral samples is usually low and hence, it is very important to adopt sensitive and accurate techniques. In many studies HPV is thought to cause infection in stem cells within the basal layer of mucosa [4]. HPV replicates in the basal cells of the stratified epithelium [5]. If we compare tobacco users and never-tobacco users, it is concluded from a study that increased risk of diseases are found in tobacco users with advanced HPV+OSCC than never-tobacco users [6].

Vitamin D is recognized for its importance in bone health along with the reduced risk of cardiovascular, autoimmune and several chronic diseases. Objectives: Present study was designed to explore the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and its association with comorbidities (Type 2 Diabetes, Thyroid Disease, Hypertension, Asthma, Heart Disease, Gastritisand Osteoporosis) among the subjects visiting outpatient departments (OPDs) of public hospitals in Lahore. Methods: Adult (>18 years) male and female subjects (n = 200) participated in present cross-sectional study. Participating individuals were required to fill questionnaires which recorded their medical history and BMI. Blood samples were taken for laboratory evaluation of vitamin D₃ deficiency. Data was analyzed for evaluation of diverse risk factors. Serum level of vitamin D₃ (25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D₃]) were measured using standard procedures of measurement using Human Vitamin D₃ (VD₃) ELISA Kit (MyBioSource, Inc. USA). Results: Vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in females than in males. Of the 200 individuals, the highest number of patients suffered from Diabetes Myelitis Type-II (61%) followed by Thyroid Disease (38%). Whereas, the least number of vitamin D₃ deficient subjects were suffering from Osteoporosis (5%).

Environmental pollution is one of the leading causes towards the rise of the neurological disorders. All types of pollutants whether biodegradable and non-biodegradable both contributes towards different neurological issues and affects human life badly. The effect of these pollutants even affects the baby in the womb. Other than this environmental pollutant is also responsible for causing other complex disorders such as cancer, diabetes, heart diseases and many more. Different types of environmental pollution such as air, water, land, thermal, sound, radiation etc. have different impact on the neurological health of the individuals. Disastrous conditions as well as the areas with poor hygiene and cleaning facilities are also linked with the presence of or growth of harmful microorganisms and these are the sites that are accumulated with heavy metals such as lead, arsenic, mercury etc. Along with this noise pollution also affects our brain and nervous system and can cause complications even can cause depression among people. Similarly, the polluted water contains a number of pollutants and toxic metals which accelerates the process of aging and in longer term to cause neurodegenerative diseases. The role of nutrition is highly recommended in neurological disorders and complications as eating healthy diet and taking safety precautions in food preparations and proper handling of food in industries can decrease the chances of the occurring of such diseases. Concluding the facts of our study it has been seen that environmental pollutants triggers the oxidative stress and cause neurotoxicity and inflammation of the neuron cells which in longer term causes different neurodegenerative diseases.

The metals that are highly dense and toxic at low quantities are termed as heavy metals. These metals include Lead, Mercury, Cadmium, Copper, Zinc, Manganese, Nickel, Arsenic and Silver etc. Among these metals Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium and Lead are considered most toxic to humans, animals and fish. Heavy metals enter the aquatic ecosystem through disposal of industrial, agricultural and municipal wastes and bioaccumulates in the food chain. Chromium is generally present in aquatic ecosystems between the range 1-10 µg/L which is highly toxic. Higher concentration of Chromium in aquatic ecosystem can result in accumulation in fish and have adverse effects on consumers’ health. Cadmium and Lead deposit on the gills of the fish and cause suffocation which may lead to death of the fish. Accumulation of Cadmium is generally associated with organ damage and anemia that results in death of the fish and its consumer. In the presence of Cadmium, the toxicity of Lead generally increases the toxicity drastically in Gambusia affinis.

Consanguineous marriages are most common among communities where most families are of traditional and extended types. It has been seen that females who conceive at a very young age or have any non-communicable disease have higher chances to have off springs with congenital abnormalities. Objective: To find out the association between maternal age and non-communicable diseases with congenital abnormalities in children. Methods: It is a cross-sectional study performed at District Head Quarter Hospital, Okara, including 100 married participants in the age range of 19-55 years after obtaining their informed consent Results: It was observed that 57% of mothers were below 20 at marriage, 42% were above 20 at marriage and 1% of mothers were above 30 at marriage, were having children with congenital abnormalities. 22 out of 100 mothers had obesity, 15 had diabetes and 21 had CVD when pregnant. The infants born to these mothers suffered from brain anomalies, cleft lip and cleft palate, CVD and diabetes. The results were obtained with p less than 0.05. Conclusion: Congenital abnormalities were more common among children with mothers aged below 20 or 25 and suffering from any metabolic or genetic disorder.

SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality is an alarming condition in low income countries like Pakistan as Pakistan is a country with highest morbidity in such cases all over the world. Although research is ongoing across the globe to reduce the burden of such devastating situation but it continues to rise in Pakistan due to some known and unknown reasons. It is recommended that the pathophysiological basis of the SIDS should be investigated by continued research. To decrease the magnitude of SIDS, SIUD, stillbirths and maternal mortality in Pakistan numerous precautionary measures are required to be taken by NGOs, Government and policy makers. Trained healthcare professionals, midwives, traditional birth attendants should be sent to rural areas to help and increase awareness. A national center should be made on urgent basis to monitor and register such cases, provide health care facilities and guidance, make laws of compulsory investigation and autopsy of sudden death of fetus or infants and implement and enforce these laws. A databank should be made with preserved tissues of such victims for further diagnosis and research. Preventable stillbirths must be avoided by taking necessary measures.

Fishes are one of the most diverse group of vertebrates with more than 33000 species. Owing to variety of landscape, rivers and lakes provide the best habitat for fishes in Pakistan. They are identified on the basis of several visual characters. With advancements in machine learning, researchers from Pakistan have used a Fish-Pak data set to identify various fishes in local market [1]. Common fishes found in Pakistan are Rohu, Thaila, Mrigal, silver carp, grass carp and rainbow trout. In last four decades, several alien fish species like Cyprinus sp. Oreochromis sp. Hypophthalmichthys molitrix, Carassius Auratus,Aristichthys nobilis and Ctenopharyngodon idella have been introduced directly or indirectly in our natural river systems. Recent survey reports a total of 64 exotic species of fishes in Punjab, Pakistan. These alien fishes destroy habitat of native species and negatively impact fish fauna [2]. According to WWF survey, 86 species of the fish fauna is of special concern of fishes while 34 species have been declared as endemic. Furthermore, number of species having special IUCN status are 11, commercially important are 31, very rare species are only 8 in Pakistan. Population of economically important species is declining due to overexploitation, pollution and habitat fragmentation. Industrial and municipal waste has been associated with metal contamination in muscle mass of fishes, which make them a hazard to consume [3]. Similarly, marble effluents are also a threat to fish population [4]. Therefore, possible measures for fish conservation needs special attention for its sustainable use and diversity.

Dengue virus infection is a vector borne illness which causes epidemics and urges for serious policies and steps to devise control stretegies Objectives: The objectives of the study are to assess the knowledge regarding dengue vector control among community of Tehsil Sahiwal, District Sargodha Methods: It was a cross-sectional study conducted in community of Tehsil Sahiwal of District Sargodha. A total of 384 residents were enrolled in this study by simple random sampling technique. A pre-tested questionnaire was used to ask knowledge related questions regarding dengue vector control program. Data was analyzed by SPSS version 20.0. Tables and figures were used to present the data Results: Mean age of the respondents was 37.35 + 11.67 years, out of these 69.8% were males and remaining were females, 69.8% respondents were males, 38.1% were matric and above, 51.1% were working in private firms and 62.2% respondents had family monthly income less than 20,000 rupees. Among respondents, 53.9% had overall good knowledge and 46.1% had poor knowledge. 25.0% acquired information from television and 35.1% from health personnel counseling. Among 177 respondents who had overall poor knowledge, 24(6.3%) had good attitude and 153 (39.8%) had poor attitude. The result was found statistically significant (P=0.000) Conclusions: Knowledge of the residents regarding dengue vector control program was satisfactory (53.9%).

Waterfowl spend their lives mostly on water bodies include ducks, geese, and swans, also include birds such as coots, grebes, moorhens, shorebirds and seabirds etc. Wetlands in Pakistan offer habitat to a variety of migratory birds. Bird’s diversity facing problems due to loss of natural habitat and hunting causing serious issues to bird’s territories. Objective: To investigate bioaccumulation of heavy metals and genotoxicity in waterfowl. Methods: This study investigated bioaccumulation of heavy metals and genotoxic effects that could result from exposure of waterfowl to heavy metals in the Chenab River, Punjab, Pakistan. The three different species, common teal (Anas crecca), little egret (Egretta garzetta) and mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) were obtained from head Marala, River Chenab. The liver, kidneys, heart, muscle, blood, and feathers of birds were collected for the purpose of determining the presence of heavy metals. The study investigated the most common heavy metals Pb, Cd, Ni, and Cr indicating higher concentrations of heavy metals in blood and feathers from the study site. At study sites Pb Cr, Ni concentrations were high (P ≤ 0.05). Results: The results in the current study revealed metals concentration in different species trend as Anas crecca > Egretta garzetta > Anas platyrhynchos. The deposition of heavy metals in organ trends as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. The level of metals in blood trends as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. Metal concentrations in feathers trend as Pb>Cr>Ni>Cd. Conclusions: Expression analysis of anti-apoptosis Bcl-2 made for Egretta garzetta and genotoxicity results showed that the effect of metals in study groups found negative for the expression of the Bcl2 gene.

The current study was performed in order to check the microbial load of beef and chicken collected from the retail shops of an open area and market where that is available in preserved form. Objective: To compare the microbial load between the meat of an open market area and commercially preserved meat (chicken and beef). The antibiotic resistance profile of isolated pathogens was also checked. Methods: Ten samples of each meat specie (beef and chicken) were analyzed for the presence of different pathogens like Salmonella, Shigella, and pathogenic Escherichia coli mainly. The microbial load was approximately the same in beef as well as chicken. The obtained isolates were then subjected to antimicrobial resistance testing by disc diffusion method. Resistance to chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim was determined most frequently. Results: In contrast, the bacterial isolates from beef samples were rarely tested resistant or simply non-resistant as compared to that off chicken samples. The bacterial isolates from chicken samples were tested highly resistant against chloramphenicol, trimethoprim and ampicillin. Conclusion: The significant importance of our findings is resistant rate against bacterial pathogens in chicken seems to be much higher than in beef samples found in variety of environment (different localities).

Zinc finger, BED-type containing 6 (ZBED6) is a newly discovered transcription factor. It functions as a repressor of IGF2 transcription in skeletal muscle myogenesis and development. It plays a role in organism development, signaling, cell-cell contact, hepatic fibrosis, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, and tight junction signaling cascades. Using C2C12 cells, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) sequencing revealed roughly 2,500 ZBED6 binding sites in the genome, with the inferred consensus motif matching the known binding site in Igf2. Igf2 expression, cell proliferation, wound healing, and myotube formation is all affected when Zbed6 is silenced in myoblast cells. Certain Gene Ontology categories, such as development and transcriptional control, were significantly enriched in genes related to ZBED6 binding sites. Objective: To explore the molecular expression of the ZBED6 gene that affect the growth trait in Beetal goat Methods: The BED6 gene's functional and signaling experiments revealed that it controls growth characteristics in goats. A total of 50 blood samples were taken. DNA was extracted using an inorganic technique. Primer3 software was used to build primers for PCR amplification. On the ABI 3130XL Genet Analyzer, PCR results were sequenced bi-directionally. Results: The CHROMAS program was used to examine the sequencing findings. SNPs were discovered using sequence alignment tools such as blast 2. The bovine ZBED6 gene was found on chromosome 16, has only one exon, and encodes 980 amino acids. The genomic DNA of both cow breeds was effectively amplified in this investigation by utilizing primer pairs for the ZBED6 gene. These animals had three SNPs, including one non-coding mutation in the promoter (SNP1: 826G > A) and two missense mutations in the CDS (SNP2: 680C > G and SNP3: 1043A > G). The missense mutations p. Ala 227 Gly and p. His 3" are found in SNP2 and 3. Conclusions: Novel variations have been discovered that might be used in the selection of superior goats with higher weight increase tendencies.

Scabies is a neglected parasitic disease but of great importance in developing countries. It is endemic in tropic and sub-tropical countries. It is caused by a mite and transmitted through skin-to-skin contact Objective: The study will provide a better opportunity to adopt protective measures and thus reduce the disease burden in hospitalized patients Method: The aim of my study is to assess the scabies level of health care workers at Sarhad Hospital for Psychiatric diseases Peshawar regarding scabies. In our study, the respondents were doctors, Nurses, and junior clinical technicians of both sexes. Result: Rather than this, no such studies have been conducted in Pakistan. There have been some reported studies in different countries where an outbreak of scabies has been reported. Where health workers were also been affected as well as patients. Conclusion: Scabies outbreaks occur due to poor personal hygiene, poor environmental sanitation, low socioeconomic conditions, lack of basic healthcare facilities, over-crowding and illiteracy.

There are many systems which are used to classify blood group types in man, the most common types are MN, ABO and Rh blood group systems. Among the above mentioned types, ABO blood group system is most common which is used to classify blood group types. Austrian immunologist, Karl Landsteiner was the first person to give and describe the system in 1900 [1]. This system explains four types of blood groups which include A, B, AB and O [2]. These blood groups are made on the basis of presence or absence of special proteins found on erythrocytes (red blood cells) which are known as antigens. These antigens are A and B. Antigen production in the body starts before birth of a person and remains throughout life. Antigen production is under control of two genes I^A and I^B. People whose blood group is A have antigen A in their red blood cells. Persons which have blood group B have antigen B in their red blood cells. AB blood group has both the antigens A and B at the same time while blood group O is due to complete absence of any antigen. In emergency condition, when blood transfusion is required, the blood groups of donor and recipients are cross matched because there can be compatibility issues which can lead to deleterious consequences as red blood cells are attacked. This is due to the production of another type of protein naturally produced in a human body known as antibody. An antibody has capability to agglutinate the antigens found on red blood cells. Thus blood transfusion is a very serious process which needs to be done vigilantly. People who have blood group AB can receive blood from any other type so they are called universal donors. Similarly people with blood group O can donate blood to all types thus are called as universal donors. This blood group is also very common in entire world particularly in people of South and Central America. Blood group B is common in Asia specially North India. Blood group A is equally common in the world specially people of Australian Aboriginal origin. It has been reported that ABO blood group types are also present in Order primates of class mammalia and also in Old World Monkeys [3]. ABO antibodies are passively obtained from mother in children well before birth. Infants of three months age start making their own antibodies. Antibody formation is due to stimulus of contact with ABO like antigenic substances naturally [4]. The second most common system to classify blood group types is Rh system [5]. This system was given by again Karl Landsteiner and A. S. Weiner in 1940. This type of system is also due to proteins present on red blood cells. Rh blood group system includes 49 defined antigens with 5 most common antigens including c, C, D and E [6]. Rh (D) is the most distinct antigen. It is main determinant of the trait. Rh positive and Rh negative are the two terms which refer only Rh (D). Antibody production due to Rh factor is a cause of hemolytic reaction in fetus and newborns. The name Rh is given due to use of blood of Rhesus monkeys to determine the presence of Rh antigen in basic test. Rh antigen can lead to deleterious effects in a person having blood group Rh negative if both the factors come in contact due to blood transfusion [7].

Around the world, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) constitute the leading cause of morality. By 2030, it is expected that the number of persons killed by CVDs will have risen to more than 24 million. The majority of the raw materials used in pharmaceutical preparations come from medicinal plants. They are gaining popularity as a result of their efficacy and the rising expense of contemporary drugs. Aspirin is derived from willow bark, morphine is derived from the opium poppy, quinine is derived from the cinchona bark, and digoxin is derived from the foxglove. According to the World Health Organization (WTO), 70% to 80% of people across the world rely on botanical sources to manage their illnesses. Plant sources are recommended because they include a high concentration of antioxidants and phytochemicals, which assist to prevent and handle a number of ailments. Phoenix dactylifera L., especially the Ajwa species, has the highest concentration of phytonutrients, which can help stabilize a number of cardiovascular disorders. It contains six vitamins (vitamins A, C, B1, B2, B3, and riboflavin), as well as a high amount of fibre, potassium, magnesium, and 23 amino acids, all of which help to prevent hypertension, involuntary spasms, and blood pressure regulation. Niacin (B3) has been shown to help reduce cholesterol and low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Since excessive cholesterol is one of the leading causes of cardiovascular disease, Ajwa could be an important regulating source. In addition, ajwa pulp therapy increased HDL-C levels and antioxidant enzyme activity. Another in-vivo investigation found that Ajwa preparation reduced diclofenac-induced pulmonary and hepatic disruptions. Salicylic acid, according to the research, is a vitamin-K antagonist with the ability to impede vitamin K's action along the coagulation pathway. Salicylic acid is found in dates at a concentration of 3.75 to 4.50 mg/100 g. As vitamin k has a vital role in coagulation too therefore salicylic acid exhibits anti- coagulant role too. The prominence of the given data is sufficient evidence that plants can be employed as a key source of medication development for cardiovascular disease. They have real momentum to handle the rising number of ailments, which cannot be squandered by diversion or apathy.

The most significant risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease is thought to be hypertension. One of the key factors behind the emergence of hypertension, oxidative stress, has attracted attention. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) may play a part in the mechanism underlying hypertension because they are crucial to maintaining the vascular wall's equilibrium. Additionally, mechanical forces that rise with hypertension may contribute to increased ROS generation. Increased intracellular calcium concentration causes ROS-induced vasoconstriction, which contributes to the development of hypertension. Vasomotor tone depends on a precise balance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator forces that are produced by the interaction of the blood and vascular wall components. Oxidative stress can change any of these forces. These results have sparked interest in antihypertensive treatments that aim to reduce ROS production and/or boost nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability. A strong water-soluble antioxidant, Vitamin C acts as an enzyme modulator on the arterial wall, increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and decreasing NADPH oxidase (NOX). Antioxidant therapy has been proven to improve vascular function and lower blood pressure in both animal models of hypertension and human hypertension [1, 2]. Vascular dilatation may benefit from vitamin C, probably due to its antioxidant effects on NO. Another important lipid-soluble antioxidant, Vitamin E, has drawn a lot of interest due to its antioxidant properties. A high dietary vitamin E intake is associated with a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease and a growing body of research suggests that vitamin E can modify biological processes without affecting its antioxidant capacity. The existing experimental data demonstrates that vitamin E is capable of dose-dependently controlling the production of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in the mitochondria which in turn shows anti-hypertensive effects [3].

Hyperlipidemia is the term used to describe abnormally high levels of lipids (fats) in the blood. Cholesterol and triglycerides are the two main types of fat found in blood. Objectives: To investigate the therapeutic potential of Sesamum indicum L. supplementation on BMI among mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients. Methods: For the four weeks of the trial, 30 mild to moderate hyperlipidemic patients between the ages of 25 and 40 were chosen. The University of Lahore Teaching Hospital in Lahore served as the source of the sample. In a hot air oven, Sesamum indicum L. seeds were roasted for 15 minutes at 200°C. After roasting, seeds were finely powdered using a professional blender. Patients were instructed to follow a 4-week baseline diet regimen and take a daily supplement of 40 mg of Sesamum indicum L. Data on anthropometric measurements, lipid profile biochemical analysis, BMI and nutritional intake were gathered. Results: The mean age of the hyperlipidemic study participants was 32.66 years, with an SD of 4.89 years. The mean weight of study participants before and after therapy were 75.2 ± 1.31 and 73.5 ± 1.10 with a significant difference of 1.7. A striking difference (24%) in the obesity rate between pre and post-treatment was observed. Conclusions: A significant difference in BMI and obesity was observed upon administration of Sesamum indicum seeds in hyperlipidemic patients.

The nursing stage is the most crucial time in a person's life for growth and development, and nourishment is crucial during this time for a newborn. Breastfeeding has also been linked to reduce the incidence of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and obesity in females. Objective: To find out whether women are aware that non-feeding females are more likely to develop obesity, ovarian cancer, and breast cancer. Methods: Data were gathered from female patients at Sheikh Zaid Hospital in Rahim Yar Khan. Non-probability convenient sampling with a sample size of 100 was used in this comparative investigation. Results: The findings revealed that 19 women knew not nursing might result in ovarian cancer, breast cancer, and obesity, whereas 81 women did not had any idea. Also, the findings showed that, in contrast to 94 women, only 6 women were exclusively nursing their kid for 6 months. The research indicate that while 22 women did not believe that lack of time is a barrier to breastfeeding, 78 women did. Lastly, the data also reveals that 83 women believed that working may make it difficult to breastfeed, whereas 17 women did not. Conclusion: The longer a woman breastfeeds, the greater her protection against breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and obesity. The lack or limited lifetime duration of breastfeeding that is typical of women in these countries is primarily to blame for the high frequency of breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and obesity in industrialized nations.

A widespread panic has been caused all around the world after the deceleration of COVID-19, as a global pandemic. A multitude of psychological complications have been reported so far which have a major effect on human beings’ mental health. Objective: The main intention of the study is to evaluate the crucial factors pertaining to the COVID-19 lockdown in COVID-19 and to have a clear comprehension of the impact related to these factors on psychological heath and overall student well-being. Methods: It was a cross-sectional study which was performed from the University of the Lahore, Pakistan. A non-probability convenient sampling methodology was utilized to select over 100 students. The participants under study were assessed via a specified questionnaire. The entire study was completed in over four months, from January to April. For the purpose of Data Analysis, SPSS 21.0 software framework was utilized. From the survey, we got to know that out of 100 students 7 of them for nearly every day felt down depressed, 44 among them felt stressed while 67 of them found having anxiety and couldn't cope with the things that they had to do. In exclusion criteria: Individual are not suffering from covid-19. Individuals below 18 years of age. On cooperative individuals. Results: In this survey we got to know that out of 100 students 7 of them for nearly every day felt down depressed, 44 among them felt stressed while 67 of them found having anxiety and couldn't cope with the things that they had to do. Conclusion: Various co- and extra-curricular activities and software applications are beneficial for to improve mental health care to some extent, most prominently in circumstances, including scenarios developed by the COVID outbreak, the subjective students involved in this study demonstrated mild to moderate affinity towards anxiety, depression, and stress.

Bacterial infections are one of the leading causes of illness and death across the world. In this context, the spread of resistant microbes plays a key role. Due to insufficient treatment choices and the sluggish discovery of new antibiotic classes, the rapid emergence of multidrug resistance in bacteria poses a serious threat to global public health. Objective: To determine the frequency of clinical isolates in various samples. Methods: A cross-sectional investigation was undertaken at the Pathology Department of the Fatima Memorial Hospital in Lahore, Pakistan. The study lasted one year. A total of 1,200 samples (sputum, wound swabs, blood, urine, pus, cerebrospinal fluid, and semen) were collected. Each sample was taken in a sterile container. The sample container was labeled with the source, date, and time of collection within one hour of collection and brought to the laboratory for analysis. Bacteria were identified using traditional culture and biochemical testing. Results: A total of 1200 clinical isolates were identified. Positive cultures obtained from 1200 biological samples were mostly from Urine (71.1%). 55.3% of the positive sample were male and 73% of the clinical isolates were gram-negative. Among Gram-negative isolates, the most common pathogen was Klebsiella species (42.9%) and among Gram-Positive isolates, the most common pathogen was Staphylococcus Aureus 68.5%. Conclusions: Gram-negative bacterial isolates were prevalent, with 55% frequency distribution and Staphylococcus aureus was frequent in different samples of patients.

Infections represents a frequent medical concern in the individuals of all age group. It happened whenpatients’system responses toward any infections which causes a condition called sepsis which further led to the organmalfunctioning. When a dysregulated host reacted toward infection that causes a life-threatening organ dysfunction that can led to the state of critical chronic illness accompanied by catabolism and severe immune dysfunction.It is generally brought about by microbes’ growths, bacterial disease, or infections and at present there is no particular treatment; and lead to 30% mortality rate, causing millions of deaths per year worldwide. It is more common among elder age individuals as compared to young individuals. Recent definitions have been distributed for clinical practices and exploration of sepsis and contributed toward early diagnosis of the disease. Early, and effective antimicrobial treatment is related with endurance from sepsis and increases the survival rate from the disease.

Scabies is a parasite infection that affects both men and women of all races and socioeconomic backgrounds. Scabies traditionally affects the hands, between the fingers, wrists, elbows, shoulders, genital areas, and breasts in women. Prolonged skin-to-skin contact, hand-holding, or sexual contact are the most prevalent modes of transmission. Scabies is a sexually transmitted illness because transmission takes 15-20 minutes of close contact. Objective: To assess the prevalence and associated factors of scabies in an urban slum in Islamabad. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out in a slum area of Islamabad. A simple random sampling technique was used for the selection of households. The sample size was 397. A specially designed, semi-structured questionnaire was developed by the researcher to collect information on all study variables related to demography and other variables related to scabies. The collected data thus collected were entered and analyzed in IBM SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) version 21. The results were produced in the form of frequency, percentages, valid percentages and cumulative percentages, graphs and tables and tabulated form. Results: The results showed that 57% of population was suffering from scabies at the time of the study. Gender (male) (p-value 0.286), marital status (married) (p-value 0.126), educational status (illiterate) (p-value 0.005), income (2 years) (p-value 0.000) were significantly associated with scabies. Conclusions: It is concluded that there was a high prevalence of scabies in the study population. Gender, marital status, educational status, income, and length of residence were strongly associated with the prevalence of scabies in that population while a number of people living in one room (overcrowding) was not associated with the prevalence of scabies.

 Diabetes is a persistent disease described by raised degrees of blood glucose, along with interrupted metabolism of fatty and aminoacids. As a consequence, the level of glucose raises in blood as it cannot be consumed in the cellular pathways. The reason is the failure of pancreatic insulin production or impotency of the cells to utilize the synthesized insulin. Diabetes is categorized into 3 main types: Type 1, where pancreas is unable to synthesize insulin; Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM)-here the body cells are not able to utilize the delivered insulin through pancreas and consequently, the production of insulin reduces sequentially; Type 3- Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), it happens in pregnancy and is responsible for maternal and fetal complications during pregnancy, at birth and soon after delivery. Type 1 is prevalent in children, teenagers and young adults. However, the etiology and mechanisms are unknown. Genetic predisposition and environmental aspects jointly play a role in the complex mechanisms of diabetes. The contributing factors for T2DM are known better than other types. Risk factors include age, obesity, inactive lifestyle, smoking and diet. These are modifiable risk factors and an individual can manage this type of diabetes by managing the life style factors. Dietary practices, for example, intake of high carbohydrate and cholesterol rich diet have likewise been connected to increased risk of T2DM. GDM risk factors are not just like those for T2DM - family history, age, overweight and obesity, sedentary lifestyle yet additionally included extra weight gain during pregnancy. Uncontrolled diabetes causes problems in numerous organs. Destruction to large and small blood vessels and nerves causes vision loss and kidney dysfunction, coronary failures, strokes, and lower appendage removals. Diabetes causes handicap and abbreviates lives. Substandard mindfulness and restricted diabetic training administration are viewed as obstructions to seek better treatment results. Primary care suppliers need to provide consistent diabetes information to the public in order to prevent the progression of disease as it is worldwide endemic ailment. As indicated by the World Health Organization, it can be forestalled and overseen by doing proper physical activity and eating healthy diet. It is fundamental for the administration to put resources into ways of forestalling and help in the early discovery of such disease by performing public screening and instruction programs.

Chemical burden has been increased on agricultural land throughout the world due industrialization Objective: To observe the proximal characteristics of a very famous fresh water fish commonly called as rohu(Labeorohita) with acute and chronic exposure of pesticide,Chlorpyrifos (CPF).Method:To check acute exposure, concentrations of CPF used include, 0, 0.005, 0.006, 0.007, 0.008, 0.009, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04 and 0.05 mg/L for 96 hrs in glass aquaria. For Labeorohita, 96 hrs LC₅₀ value of CPF was found 0.01 mg/L. To study chronic exposure on Labeorohita, 1/3^rd, 1/5^th, 1/7^th and 1/9^th of LC₅₀ for 30 days concentrations were used. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected for proximal analysis. The parameters included moisture, ash, lipids and protein Results:The exposure of CPF reduced the protein content. Moreover, there was reduction in ash and moisture contents. Conclusions: It is therefore concluded that CPF adversely affects the major organs of the fish Labeorohita

“Markhor” (Capra falconeri) name is derived from two Persian and Pashto words, “Mar” means ‘snake’ and “khor” means ‘eater’. It is a large wild goar, habitant of mountains and high altitude rainy forest of Western and Central Asia. It is national animal of Pakistan and also termed as the ‘screw-horned goat’ or ‘Shakhawat’. The male Markhor are usually loners while females live in herds of 9. They are diurnal and excellent climbers and jump on rocky, mountains. After chewing the cud, they form a foamy substance in their drool which is used by the native people for extracting poison of the snake. Male Markhor lives in forest during the hot weathers, while female Markhor climb the highest peaks. However, they descend down to the area of relatively lower altitudes in cold season to avoid the extreme weather conditions. They forage for around 8-12 hours a day and then rest during the mid-day to chew their cud. Markhor are normally kept with other 83:wild goats. They are captivated in zoo and wildlife parks for conservation purpose. Markhor have an average life span of 10 to 13 years. They are susceptible of being eaten, when threatened, they give an alarm that is similar to that of a domestic goat bleating. It is listed as an endangered species on ‘The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List since 2015. During the last fifteen years (2006-2020), hundreds of markhor have been killed in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan [1]. Direct predation and disturbance of natural environment to these animals have compromised conservation of markhor in Pakistan.

We take great pleasure to launch ‘Markhor-the journal of Zoology’ (MJZ) under the umbrella of ‘Lahore Medical Research Center, LLP’ (LMRC). LMRC is a research center that conducts researchers in medical and health sciences as well as biomedical and biological sciences. It also publishes International peer reviewed journals such as ‘Pakistan BioMedical Journal’ which is the first journal launched by LMRC. MJZ is an international peer reviewed bi-annual journal, that publishes original articles, reviews, letter to editors, meta-analysis, systematic reviews related to zoological sciences. It covers the specialities of wildlife, veterinary sciences, animal sciences, cell biology, molecular biology, biotechnology, microbiology, genetics, anthropology, evolutionary studies, environmental biology, biodiversity, taxonomy, paleontology, physiology, entomology, parasitology, fisheries, dairy, livestock, animal conservation and developmental biology. Manuscripts are welcome from researchers and scientists all over the world. I congratulate all the team of journal for their efforts in it’s launching. In the coming years, we will face a challenge to improve the quality and standard of the journal and bring it to the new heights of excellence. Support from authors, reviewers and readers is welcome in terms of scholarly contributions and suggestions.

Iron is an exceedingly important nutrient of the human body that has the ability to proceed the formation of free radicals and helps in the process of redox cycling with many different roles in metastasis and in microenvironment. It is required for many complex biological processes occurring in cells and inevitable for its viability and human survival. Such processes include oxygen transportation within body, cell proliferation and growth. It produces free radicals and has redox cycling capacity which may be responsible for tumorigenesis as well. Iron metabolic pathways are new therapeutic strategies for improving cancer prognosis and treatment as reprogramming of iron metabolism is a key aspect for tumor cells growth and survival.

Heavy metals liberated by various industrial and agricultural processes are the major pollutants in soil, agricultural, marine, and industrial and even treated waste waters. Lead is greatly used in many industrial applications such as a storage battery manufacturing, printing, fuels, photographic materials, pigments and explosive manufacturing Objective: To assess the ability of Aspergillus fumigatus for removal of metal contamination such as lead by biosorptionMethods: The pure culture of the Aspergillus fumigatus was used for biosorption. The initial samples were cultured on the bread as the fungal spores were given suitable environmental conditions i.e., temperature, moisture, pH etc. For obtaining the pure culture of the Aspergillus fumigatus culture media was prepared. The spores collected were then allowed to grow on a specific culture media in a sterile Petri plates under aseptic conditions. Inoculation will be carried out by using 20 loops of fungal spores spread on the culture medium. After inoculation these plates were incubated at 28°C for few days and the colonies of the fungal strain becomes visible after 48 hours. The prepared agar is poured in the sterilized Petri plates were allowed to cool and solidify. As a result of this centrifugation, the spores and agar were separated. After 12 days of incubation, one fourth portion of the agar plate was cut and placed into the falcon tubes containing 10 ml distilled water Results: The results revealed that the biosorption recovery rate is maximum at 120 mg\g of dry mass i.e. 3.4%. The above estimation shows that the percentage of biosorption is directly proportional to the biomass concentration.