This study investigates the important role that the blockchain plays to manage the information about who did what and when and hence provides a strong base for any legal potential conflicts. Blockchain technology permits you to distribute, encrypt, and secure the records of digital transactions. In addition, bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies are encompassed in it. Even though the construction industry has traditionally been a late user of innovative technology compared to other sectors of the economy, it faces various hurdles in terms of trust, accessibility, information sharing, and process automation. As a result, stakeholders, clients, subcontractors, contractors, and suppliers have been unable to work together effectively. Even if building information modeling is employed, which envisions a centralized building, the primary benefit of blockchain is the secure storage of sensitive sensor data

Siklofan tipi bileşikler, kimyasal özelliklerinden dolayı ilginç bir organik kimya sınıfı oluşturmaktadır. Tüm siklik bileşiklerin yapısında yüksek verimli sentez için makrosiklizasyon en kritik konudur. Özellikle küçük bir siklofan yapısı ile deneysel adımlar büyük bir siklofan yapısına göre daha zordur. Bu yazıda, akıllı ilaç özellikleri için gümüş siklofan bileşiklerini sentezlemek üzere üç farklı malzeme grubu uygulanmıştır. Birinci malzeme grubunda 5,6-dimetil-1H-benzo[d]imidazol (1) ve 2,6-bis(klorometil)piridin (2) reaksiyona girerek 5,6-dimetil-1-((6) oluşturdu. -((5,6-dimetil-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-il)metil)piridin-2-il)metil)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol bileşik (3). İkinci malzeme grubunda etil 2-bromoasetat (4), suda çözünür (5) olan simetrik bir karben bileşiği oluşturmak üzere siklofan bileşiğinin farklı nitrojen atomları ile reaksiyona sokulmuştur. Üçüncü malzeme grubunda gümüş(I) oksit (6) ve paladyum (II) klorür (7) ile reaksiyona girerek gümüş (I) ve paladyum (II) metal kompleksleri sentezlendi. Karben bileşikleri ile gümüş ve paladyum komplekslerinin (5, 6 ve 7) bakteri ve mantarlara karşı antimikrobiyal aktiviteleri daha detaylı olarak incelenmiştir. Gümüş (I) kompleksi (6), Gram-pozitif, Gram-negatif ve mantar gibi mikroorganizmalar ile karıştırıldığında antimikrobiyal madde gösterirken, bu özellik paladyum (II)-karben kompleksinde (7) gözlenmemiştir.

The diminishing quantity of the natural resources has resulted in a search for alternative materials. Reuse of industrial by-products, such as steel slag, provides opportunities for sustainable highway construction practices due to the valuable space they occupy and the potential environmental impacts when they are stockpiled. In this paper, the mechanical suitability of steel slag as an unbound highway aggregate is investigated and its performance is compared with that of traditional graded aggregate base (GAB) materials. In order to compare the behavior, three steel slag samples with different aging properties and five aggregate samples from different quarries were employed. The results indicate that resilient moduli and permanent deformation characteristics of steel slag are comparable with those of traditional aggregates and can replace them when used as a base or subbase course.

The construction industry continues to be one of the primary drivers of a country's economic progress. As of 2022, the Philippines’ construction sector had an annual growth rate of 9.2% and continues to increase due to the Build! Build! Build! (BBB) program. However, construction sector is globally known for regularly consuming more raw materials, resulting in natural resource scarcity and environmental implications. Construction activities also generated massive volume of construction wastes from construction, demolition and renovation. The need to impose construction and demolition waste (CDW) management strategies and policies in all stages of construction is crucial in the attainment of a more sustainable construction. The aim of this study is to explore the current CDW management practices and policies from existing literature. The findings of this research will present a multitude of potential strategies and solutions that the Philippines can adopt to create more sustainable construction while also assisting in the combating of environmental issues and concerns in the attainment of sustainable construction. The study will utilize a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to identify relevant studies in CDW management to gain the best practices and current trends in CDW management. The findings of the study shows that at least 26 different strategies have been implemented in the construction industry. These can be grouped into 6 major groups which includes: information technology, policy, design, operations, knowledge and procurement based.

Microbial growth on man-made constructions is a planetary problem. Contaminated surfaces can rapidly spread dangerous infectious illnesses, especially in public places. A few microbes can easily multiply into millions, especially under current circumstances. A hygienic surface has defined as a component which inhibits the increase of micro-populations. Meanwhile, the use of biocides is expanding, as is research into their antibacterial characteristics and components. There are now various antimicrobial substrates on the market. It is worthwhile to investigate the efficacy and precision of these products. In this paper, an experiment has been made on six different wall paints which are promoted as antimicrobial are inspected against bacteria. Wooden panels had been painted with six different antimicrobial wall paints. Four different microorganisms were sprayed on the surface using a sterile spraying mechanism. The bacteria used in the study were Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis. Each panel had been observed for ninety days and the results had been discussed.

This study evaluated the suitability of iron tailings as fine aggregate replacement for engineering applications. This is necessary to find economic usage for the enormous quantity of wastes from Itakpe mines. The physical properties in terms of specific gravity, bulk density, moisture content, particle size and fineness modulus as well as the mechanical properties in terms of compressive strength, compaction factor, flexural strength and relative density of the concrete made with iron tailings were determined. World Health Organization (WHO) standard methods for the examination of water and wastewater were used to analyse water used for the curing of the concrete cubes and beams to ascertain its toxicity. The result shows the workability of concrete made with 50% iron tailings to be within the standard limit. The compressive strength at 28day for 0% to 100% percentage replacement increases from 10.1N/mm2 to 15.3N/mm2, therefore replacement of sand with iron filling will improve the compressive strength of any concrete. The flexural strength analysis shows that the iron tailings concrete beam increases the flexural strength from 15N/mm2 to 16.9N/mm2 from 0 to 100% at 28day curing. There is also a linear relationship between the flexural strength and the density of the iron tailing concrete. The pH and Alkalinity tests of the water used to cure the iron tailing concrete is an indication that the alkalinity of the curing water was high (20.883 to 40.75) with a pH range of 12.1-12.4. This shows that the use of the iron tailing will not have negative effect on durability of the resulting concrete, the iron tailings is suitable for fine aggregates replacement up to 75% without altering the mechanical properties of such concrete negatively.

Factors such as the rapid depletion of natural resources and environmental pollution enable us to better understand the importance of the concept of sustainability today. With the introduction of the concept of sustainability into the construction sector, the design of buildings according to the environmentally friendly "Green Building" approach has come to the forefront, and various certification systems have been developed. Due to these certification systems, various building materials are required to be used in buildings. However, since there are many materials on the market, it is a problem as to which of these materials should we prefer according to the green building criteria. Although there are various approaches in this regard, the value engineering method is an ideal method because it takes into account both the criteria that the materials must meet as well as their costs. Value Engineering is the teamwork carried out to analyze the building properties, systems, equipment, and material selections, while considering the costs, in order to perform the necessary performance, quality, reliability, and basic functions. In this article, a method on how to choose a value-based, sustainable material was proposed, and as a case study, a product that can be used as an exterior cladding material of a building using LEED criteria, which is used for providing certification for sustainable green buildings, was selected. Initially, a value engineering team was formed. This team determined the qualities that the product should have based on LEED criteria and the eight different material alternatives that can meet these qualities. Subsequently, value analysis was conducted, and the highest value exterior coating material was determined.

Rheoplastic lightweight concrete (RLC) is generally designed for pumping applications as fluid concrete free from segregation. Concrete is produced using polymeric admixtures to enhance concrete workability, strength, drying shrinkage and durability. This research was studied to investigate suitability of natural porous pumice aggregates in Turkey to obtain rheoplastic lightweight concrete with cement content in normal ranges. To produce and experience rheoplastic concrete mix design data, rheoplastic lightweight concrete mixes were tested with fine pumice aggregate (FPA) and coarse pumice aggregate (CPA) supplied from Nevşehir region of Turkey. For rheoplastic lightweight concrete with cement contents in the 250 to 400 kg/m3 range, the percentage of fine pumice aggregates required was in the 73.6-81.0% range with free water/cement ratios of between 0.53 and 0.68. Upper compressive strength limit was circa 30 N/mm2. From the research findings, it was determined that the rheoplastic concrete samples with pumice aggregate met the design requirement as slump value of 200 mm for fresh concrete predicted for fluid concrete forms. While technical properties of hardened concrete such as oven dry density, strength values, static elasticity modulus, thermal expansion coefficient and thermal conductivity value decrease with increasing aggregate/cement ratios, they increase with increasing cement dosage. In addition, presence of high amount of fine pumice in concrete composition results in lower drying shrinkage and wetting expansion with decreasing cement dosage. The technical findings showed that RLC might be produced by using superplasticizer and air-entraining admixtures and mixtures of different sizes of pumice aggregates.

Cement-based materials are the most widely utilized construction materials in the world owing to their high compressive strength, however, need reinforcement to withstand direct or indirect tensile forces. In this study, the potential use of 3D-printed polymers as an alternative reinforcement in cement-based composites was evaluated. Polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), Polyamide (PA), and Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) based triangular and honeycomb-patterned 3D-printed reinforcements were incorporated into cement-based composites and their mechanical performances were compared under three-point flexural tests by considering both polymer and pattern type. Both triangular and honeycomb patterns were enhanced the flexural behavior. By considering all filaments, the honeycomb pattern was found more effective than the triangular pattern for increasing flexural strength, deflection capacity, and toughness up to 46.80%, 251.85%, and 77.66%, respectively. In the case of filament type, 3D-printed PA-type filament in a honeycomb pattern remained flexural strength, enhanced deflection capacity, and increased flexural toughness with pseudo-deflection hardening behavior. 3D-printed honeycomb patterned reinforcements produced by PA has the opportunity to be used in the manufacture of cement-based composites.

Recycling end-of-life tires is a global problem that requires an urgent solution. Storing and preserving these tires is a challenge that delays facing potential problems instead of solving the problem. In this context, recycling waste tires without harming the environment and at low costs has been the focus of many researchers. For a few decades, the possibility of these tires to be granulated to the size of aggregate for concrete and then be replaced with natural aggregate has been a subject of research by scientists studying in this field. In this regard, this study aims to experimentally investigate the influence of waste rubber aggregate on some engineering properties of concrete, such as, ultrasonic pulse velocity-based quality assessment, abrasion resistance, and thermal conductivity characteristics as well as the mechanical performance, namely, compressive strength. Another significant side of the study was to establish a statistical relationship and correlation between the w/c ratio and substitution level of waste rubber aggregate and the experimental outputs. The experimental study indicated that the waste rubber aggregate decreased the compressive strength of the concretes whereas it improved the thermal conductivity characteristics and abrasion resistance of the concretes manufactured in this study. On the other hand, the statistical analysis revealed that the input parameters have meaningful effects on the engineering properties of the concretes, and there is a strong correlation between these properties.

Vermiculite exfoliation is based on the principle when water between the layers evaporate, and the crystal layers spread out pressured by the steam. As a result, elongated, curved particles are formed. The thermal properties of the final product formed are directly related to this exfoliation amount. In this experimental work, exfoliation characteristic of natural vermiculate is studied. A series of experimental analyzes were carried out to examine the expandability of natural vermiculite at different heating temperatures by the Na+ modification method. In addition, the expansion ratios of Na+-modified and unmodified vermiculite samples were analyzed comparatively. Each of the raw and Na+ modified vermiculite material groups prepared for the thermal expansion process was experimentally performed by recording the exfoliation states and times at six different heating temperature values of 350 oC, 450 oC, 530 oC, 620 oC, 710 oC and 840 oC, respectively, in a laboratory environment. In the second phase of the study, thermal properties of new generation composite mortars produced with exfoliated vermiculite aggregate were experimentally analyzed. Parameters such as thermal conductivity, heat storage capacity, specific heat and heat dissipation coefficient of mortar test samples prepared with exfoliated vermiculite aggregates are analyzed and discussed here. Test results showed that Na+-modified vermiculite samples expanded better than unmodified vermiculite samples for all expansion temperatures. When Na+-modified expanded vermiculite is evaluated in composite mortars, it also reduces the unit weight of the mortar as it expands more and the unit weight of itself decreases. Accordingly, the compressive strength of the mortar decreases relatively. However, it has been determined that the thermal comfort properties of mortars using Na-modified exfoliated vermiculite are better than the thermal comfort properties of composite mortars produced using unmodified exfoliated vermiculite.

In recent years, there has been a surge in interest in developing novel materials for sustainable building construction made from renewable resources. The use of natural fibers in concrete reinforcement, as opposed to agricultural waste, has significant environmental benefits in terms of reducing the environmental repercussions of the continuous dumping and landfilling of massive amounts of agricultural waste in overburdened landfill sites. Banana peel fiber (BPF) and orange peel fiber (OPF) are common agro-wastes with a long history of use in concrete as an additive or a cement substitute. However, their efficiency and performance in terms of reinforcement must be assessed. The characteristics, fresh and hardened state structural performance of BPF and OPF as composite materials in sustainable concrete manufacturing are reviewed in this study based on recent findings. For quality concrete reinforcing, it was discovered that OPF and BPF have good surface areas and low specific gravity. For quality concrete reinforcing, it was discovered that OPF and BPF have good surface areas and low specific gravity. BPF and OPF, on the other hand, have significant pozzolanic binding properties of up to 97.3 %. This allows them to act as binders and supplement the high strength yielding in concrete. Furthermore, the use of BPF in concrete enhanced workability, consistency, compressive and tensile strengths, and setting times by 21.1 %, 48.64 %, 46 % and 52.5 %, and 47.37 %, respectively, whereas the use of OPF raised concrete density by 5.34 %. This indicated that both BPF and OPF had a lot of potential for producing high-quality concrete. The use of BPF and OPF to reinforce concrete and composites against flexural deflection, heat transmission, and modulus of elasticity resulted in a significant increase in concrete strength in terms of cracking, deflection, creep, and shrinkage. The inclusion of orange and banana peels in concrete was found to significantly improve the structural qualities of the concrete; thus, they can be employed as supplementary materials in the manufacturing of concrete. Finally, this study identifies new approaches for achieving the much-anticipated biodegradability and sustainability of natural fiber-reinforced composites for usage in a variety of concrete reinforcing applications.

Functionally graded materials are composite materials used to build a variety of structures. These structures are used in ships industries, marine, automotive, high building structures, energy engineering applications, and many more. The porosity made in these materials may negatively affect some behavior aspects like stiffness, and strength, but it may provide superior performance in other fields like vibration reduction, thermal isolation, energy absorption, and others. In this paper, we will discuss the effect of porosity on the natural frequencies for functionally graded porous (FGP) sandwich beams. The mechanical properties of the FGP sandwich beams are changing with the porosity in the thickness direction. The free vibration of the beams is examined with the effect of porosity. The analysis is carried out for four different beam supporting types (hinged – hinged, fixed – fixed, fixed – free, fixed – hinged). Various porosity ratios are considered with a range from (0.1 – 0.9). Forty–four samples are analyzed for each type of core material distribution which is the symmetric material constitutive relationships (SMCR) and uniform core material. The results gained from the analysis show that the porosity constant has a significant effect on the natural frequencies of the FGP sandwich beams.

Strengthening and rehabilitation have been widely implemented for many years to extend the service life of reinforced concrete structures. The paper begins with a comprehensive review of the fiber-reinforced polymers (FRP) utilization on strengthening particularly over the traditional materials formerly used in practice with respect to materials, manufacturing, operation, construction, and maintenance phases, as well as the engineering and environmental performance of such materials. Carbon and Glass FRP, the most frequently used strengthening materials, are particularly designated in the study and are employed to conduct an environmental performance evaluation using the previously published data in the literature. The paper then investigates the punching shear strength of flat slab-column connections strengthened with externally bonded FRP by means of a nominated database comprising 57 number of data points harvested from the recent literature. The database is used in the evaluation of the test data with TS 500 code equations and the recent modification of Chen and Li. The study enabled the key factors affecting the punching shear strength of such connections to be emphasized and highlighted the fact that the TS 500 code equations fall conservative in predicting the punching shear strength of slab-column connections strengthed with FRP. The study is novel as it provides a comprehensive review of the FRP as a strengthening material with regards to environmental sustainability and also provides an insight into the structural implications of this material by evaluating the current TS 500 code provisions and recent modifications.

Phytoplankton and diatom microalgae species cause biofouling by adhering to the surfaces, especially in closed cultivation systems such as tubular photobioreactors. This biofilm formation blocks the sunlight; after harvesting, it is necessary to clean the reactor. This cleaning process causes loss not only for time and finance but also in terms of environmental pollution due to using toxic chemicals and excess water usage. This study aimed to investigate the reduction of the microorganism cell adhesion on the hybrid surface. To succeed in this, the composite surface of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and lactic acid (LA) was prepared by the sol-gel process. Then the hybrid surfaces were coated on glass slides by the dip coating method. The wettability performance of the TEOS-LA hybrid surface was investigated using contact angle measurement and light transmittance. The wettability result showed that the superhydrophilic surface having 54 mJ/m2 of surface free energy values was obtained. An increase in the lactic acid content of the composite films increased the surface free energy (SFE) values decreasing the water contact angle. A pencil hardness test characterized the mechanical strength of the surfaces, and it was determined that the hardness of the composite films was decreased by increasing the LA content of the composite films. Resultantly, it is found that the TEOS-LA superhydrophilic composite film reduces the adhesion of microalgae.

Lightweight cellular hollow concrete (LCHC) block is a type of masonry unit that has excellent thermal and acoustic performance, fire resistance and high weathering resistance, and manufactured by precast technique. This work presents an experimental study, which investigates the effects of volumetric partial replacement of Portland cement by calcium sulfate anhydrite on precast properties, especially hardening time of the products, thermal insulation properties and mechanical properties of the blocks. LCHC block is produced by the mixing of Portland cement (PC), anhydrite III (ANH), expanded perlite (EP), pumice (PU) and calcite (CA) for building applications. The physical and mechanical properties of LCHC blocks having various replacement levels of ANH are studied. Experimental studies were carried out on both 10x10x10 cm3 cube specimens and 19x19x39 cm3 block specimens. In this research work, LCHC blocks with 16 different mixture batches were cast into a mould with vibro-compacting, de-moulded immediately and transferred to a storage area for curing up to 28 days in normal air condition. The unit weights and compressive strengths of the cube specimens decreased as the ANH replacement level increased, depending on the decrease in the cement ratio. However, it was observed that the compressive strength of the block specimens increased up to the volumetric replacement level of 1.86 %. As expected, the thermal conductivity values of the specimens decreased with the decrease in unit weight. The most notable change on the specimens occurred in the hardening time. The hardening process of the specimens can be completed up to 90 times faster than the control mixture. In addition, within the scope of the study, three formulations are presented in which the compressive strength and the elastic modulus of the wall sections made with LCHC blocks can be calculated, and thermal conductivity value of masonry block unit can be calculated.

This paper presents an alternative environment-friendly thermal insulation material for the construction industry. We aimed to produce this building material with superior heat resistance properties and comparable strength to the concrete produced with Ordinary Portland Cement. The primary purpose of the experimental studies is to produce a basic geopolymeric plate and to add cellubor and polypropylene fibers to the geopolymeric mortar. In the next stage, fiber-reinforced plates were prepared, thermal experiments were carried out, and discussions and conclusions were formed according to the results and findings. This study initially produced different types of fiber-based metakaolin plates with high heat resistance. Then, the flame test examined the heat resistance of the composite plates formed by the mixture of fibers consisting of cellubor, polypropylene, and cellubor + polypropylene fiber mixtures into geopolymeric mortars. It was found that the metakaolin plates containing approximately 6% by weight of Cellubor in the structure, besides their serious resistance to flame, their heat retardancy properties gave 72% better results than Kalekim (cementitious ceramic tile adhesive) plates and 55% better results than non-fiber metakaolin plates.

The applications of geopolymers as cementitious systems are becoming an alternative source of cement daily. The use of potentially suitable aluminosilicate inorganic waste materials incorporated with agro-industrial waste in the production of suitable geopolymer binders has been reported. Calcined clay and some agro-waste ash, such as coconut shells, are examples of aluminosilicate materials that exhibit strong pozzolanic activity because of their high silica-alumina composition. The pozzolanic reaction is primarily caused by the amorphous silica present in properly burned agricultural waste and clay. Based on a variety of available literature on concrete and mortar including geopolymers synthesized from agro-industrial waste, a critical review of raw materials and the mechanism of synthesis of the geopolymer has been outlined in this work. Additionally, the durability characteristics of agro-industrial waste geopolymer concrete and mortar, including resistance to chloride, corrosion, sulfate, acid attack, depth of carbonation, water absorption, thermal resistivity, Creep and drying shrinkage, are briefly reviewed.

Correlations between compression index and atterberg limits found in the literature are very important for preliminary estimation. These equations are usually interpreted based on the R-square parameter and classified according to the conditions of the data (disturbed, undisturbed, remoulded, etc.). Although correlations reliable enough to eliminate oedometer tests are not yet fully available, these correlations can be useful in local calculations. In this study, correlations obtained from studies conducted after 2000 on the relationship of compression index and consolidation coefficient with atterberg limits and water content are mentioned and clearly shown. While the compression index equations are quite high in the literature, the equations produced with the consolidation coefficient are less in number. This is because consolidation calculations take a lot of time. Using 105 data obtained from researches in the literature, two equations were formed between the compression index, liquid limit and plasticity index. This study does not propose new equations, only relationships are generated using the Linear Regression method with data obtained from independent studies, based on the belief that the compression index has a stronger relationship with the liquid limit and plasticity index

The production of electrically conductive concrete was introduced years ago among construction materials, generally for anti-icing. The present study investigates the electrical, mechanical, dynamic, and microstructural properties of recycled ferrochrome filled cementitious mortars, containing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and steel fiber. 7, 14, and 28-day non-destructive and 28-day compressive and bending tests of cementitious conductive mortars obtained from five different mixtures were performed. Two-point uniaxial method was used to determine the electrical conductivity properties of the samples. The damping ratio of the samples was obtained by performing dynamic resonance tests. Ultrasound pulse velocity (UPV) and Leeb hardness tests were performed as other non-destructive testing methods. Microstructure analysis at the interfaces of conductive concrete samples were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), EDS (Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). According to the experimental results, all data agreed and confirmed each other. When SWCNT is used in combination with steel fiber, the conductive mortar samples exhibited reasonable conductivity, while their mechanical properties turned out to below.

The purpose of the current study is to investigate the possibility of volcanic Tuff of Earth of Datça (ED) in Turkey to be used as an aluminosilicate source in the production of a geopolymer foam for thermal insulation. An extensive evaluation of the effects of fine sand-to-pozzolan and Al powder-to-pozzolan ratios on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties and morphology (porosity, average and maximum pore diameter, pore size distribution) of the pores were carried out. The sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide (12.5 M) solutions with an activator ratio of 2.5 were used as alkali activators and Al powder was used as a foaming agent. Research results reveal that Earth of Datça is a suitable precursor for the production of a geopolymer foam. Fine sand and aluminum powder contents are key factors on optimum foam structure. Addition of finely ground silica sand ensured the volumetric stability of the binder and prevented the collapse after swelling of the binder. The optimum Al powder-to-pozzolan ratio was determined as 0.5 % because it gives higher physical, mechanical and thermal properties due to the more homogenous microstructure with finer pore size, narrower pore size distribution and lower degree of interconnectivity between the pores. Research results also show that natural volcanic Tuff of Datça Peninsula as aluminosilicate source gives promising results in the field of producing highly porous geopolymers with low thermal conductivity (0.087-0.134 W/mK), high porosity (72.3-82.6 %) and an acceptable compressive strength (0.40-2.09 MPa). This study contributes to the literature that Earth of Datça-based geopolymer foam may function well as an insulation material for building enclosure.

Coarse-grained soil (CGS), as a filler with the characteristics of high bearing capacity but difficult compaction for embankment construction, requires an appropriate thickness of a single compaction layer according to the influence depth of vertical dynamic stress. In this paper, a numerical analysis using PFC2D was conducted by following a scale model test with different particle gradations of compacted CGS fillers by adopting a modified PFWD. The results show that the influence depth is about 50 cm under the impact maximum stress 0.066 MPa if defined the depth as the maximum stress attenuation to 20%. The compacted CGS filler with the dense particle gradation and high strength has a rapid attenuation on vertical dynamic stress. Meanwhile, with the increase of stone content (P5, particle size ≥5 mm), the vertical dynamic stress of compacted CGS is attenuated exponentially. The maximum particle size also affects the attenuation of vertical dynamic stress, which needs further research. The findings support the development of non-destructive devices to rapidly inspect the compactness of subgrade construction.

In recent years, significant advancements in the development of large-scale 3D printers and construction materials have been made to meet the demand for industrial scale 3D printing construction. It is significant to construct the buildings and structural components by using 3D concrete printing. Additive manufacturing (AM) main benefits are freedom of design, construction waste reduction, mass customization, and ability to manufacture the complex structures. The major issues including the optimization of printing material which possess the suitable properties for 3D concrete printing. However, this technology towards the green building construction seems to improve the conventional methods by reducing the requirement of human resource, high investment cost, and formworks. The research community's interest in 3D printing for architecture and construction has grown significantly over the last few years. This paper review the latest trend of research and state of the art technologies in 3D printing in building and construction by analyzing the publications from 2002 to 2022. Based on aforementioned analysis of publications, printing methods, concrete printing systems and influence of constituent’s materials and chemical admixtures on concrete material properties are briefly discussed. Finally, this paper discussed the challenges and limitations of current systems, as well as potential future work to improve their capability and print quality.

The innovations of the fourth industrial revolution (industry 4.0) encouraged the application of 3D printing technology to complement and subsequently replace the conventional construction method. This study assessed the awareness, application, drivers and barriers to the adoption of 3D printing technology for construction with a view to enhancing faster and sustainable construction process. Primary data were obtained with the use of structured questionnaires which were self-administered to medium and small-sized construction firms/contractors in Lagos State. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that the awareness and application levels of the technology are still very low. The findings showed that there exist statistically significant differences (0.039 ≤ p ≤ 0.017) in 6 drivers for the adoption of 3D printing technology, which is influenced by the client’s demand and desire. The study further established that inadequate power supply limits the adoption of 3D printing in the Nigerian construction industry. Implications are indicated by the findings on drivers and barriers of the technology which could help the construction industry in developing countries towards capability improvement for better adoption of 3D printing innovation and enhanced sustainable construction process.

Recently, it is known that carbon fiber, which is a conductive fiber, is used in different mixture designs and developing electrically conductive cementitious materials. However, the evaluation of ferrochrome as a recycled aggregate in the mixture of these special concretes has still not been investigated. In this study, electrically conductive mortars were produced by using 100% recycled ferrochrome aggregate with a particle size of less than 1 mm as filling material and using carbon fiber (CF) in 4 different ratios, 0%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%. 2, 14, 28, 90 and 180 days electrical resistivity properties of the obtained samples were investigated. In addition, 28-day compressive strength, flexural strength, dynamic resonance, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), Leeb hardness, scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) tests were performed on all samples. The obtained results were compared with the literature and it was proved that ferrochrome can be used as a reasonable aggregate in conductive mortars.

This article presents recent findings on the effect of thermal variances on pavements. The study presents findings from different researchers and groups across the globe. The study covers temperature measurement in asphalt pavement, history of asphalt pavement temperature prediction models, determination of asphalt layer depth temperature, main factors contributing to temperature variations of asphaltic pavement, energy balance in flexible pavements, asphalt pavement design incorporating the temperature factor, the effect of temperature on the structural performance of asphalt pavement climate and environmental factors. Summarily, the study deduced that temperature has a reasonably substantial effect on the asphalt pavement layer's mechanical and physical material characteristics.

An experimental study was herein presented focusing the effect of different type, shape and volume fraction of fibers on the hardened properties of concrete including compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 curing days. A control concrete mixture with no fiber was prepared and six fiber reinforced concrete mixtures were designed by using two different types of fibers which were steel fibers with different shapes (short straight and hooked end) and polypropylene fiber with the volume fraction of 0.4% and 0.8%. The load-deflection curves and toughness of the specimens were analyzed based on ASTM C1609. The results showed that the utilization of short straight steel fibers with 0.8% volume fraction was most efficient at improving the compressive strength while the use of 0.8% long hooked end steel fibers provided better splitting tensile and flexural strengths. Besides, the long hooked end steel fibers with the volume fraction of 0.8% contributed to an excellent deflection hardening behavior resulting in higher load deflection capacity and toughness at peak load, L/600 and L/150. On the other hand, with incorporation of polypropylene fiber, all strength values were decreased regardless of the volume fraction and curing days.

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are well-studied and established products and today they are being used in different industrial and non-industrial areas. However, the increased interest in recyclability and the concerns about climate change caused materials scientists to look for a non-petroleum-based alternative to synthetic fibers and polymers. Since the beginning of this century, natural fibers and biopolymers have seen an increased interest each year for composite applications. Thanks to this interest, the studies on natural fibers and biopolymers have increased significantly. Despite the high number of studies on natural fibers and natural fiber-reinforced polymers (NFRP), there are gaps in the literature. This work reviews the studies on natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites with their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. The studies that focus on the ways to reduce or eliminate these disadvantages and limitations have also been looked at. Also, current challenges and future perspectives for natural fibers, biopolymers, and NFRPs have been discussed

The process of depleting the natural sources of virgin sand and aggregate makes it challenging to satisfy the demand for construction work. Therefore, in a context of sustainable construction, this study examined the feasibility of utilizing dredged sediments (DS) as a substitute for sand in non-structural controlled low-strength materials (CLSM). A total of two types of dredged sediments, coarser and finer, were collected from two different sources. Then, nine CLSM mixtures were prepared by using different proportions of natural sand (virgin sand) and dredged sediments. Each mixture was tested for flowability, unconfined compressive strength, density and excavatability. Flow consistency decreased with the amount of dredged sediments and presence of finer material in CLSM. Strength results were found within required specification for all nine CLSM tested in this study. Overall, flow consistency, strength and excavatability were found dependent on the characteristics of dredged sediments. This study showed that dredged sediments can be successfully used as a sand substitute for CLSM production.

Coarse-grained soil (CGS), as a filler with the characteristics of high bearing capacity but difficult compaction for embankment construction, requires an appropriate thickness of a single compaction layer according to the influence depth of vertical dynamic stress. This paper used a numerical analysis using PFC2D following a scale model test with different particle gradations of compacted CGS fillers by adopting a modified PFWD. The results show that the influence depth is about 50 cm under the maximum impact stress of 0.066 MPa if defined the depth as the maximum stress attenuation to 20%. The compacted CGS filler with dense particle gradation and high strength has a rapid attenuation on vertical dynamic stress. Meanwhile, with the increase of stone content (P5, particle size ≥5 mm), the vertical dynamic stress of compacted CGS is attenuated exponentially. The maximum particle size also affects the attenuation of vertical dynamic stress, which needs further research. The findings support the development of non-destructive devices to inspect the compactness of subgrade construction rapidly.

An experimental work was herein presented focusing the effect of different type, shape and volume fraction of fibers on the hardened properties of concrete including compressive, splitting tensile and flexural strengths at 7 and 28 curing days. A control concrete mixture including no fiber was prepared and six fiber-reinforced concrete (FRC) mixtures were designed by using two different fiber types and volume fractions. Two types of steel fibers having different shapes (short straight and long hooked end) and polypropylene fiber were used with the volume fraction of 0.4% and 0.8%. The load-deflection curves and toughness of the specimens were analyzed based on ASTM C1609. The results showed that the utilization of short straight steel fibers with 0.8% volume fraction was most efficient at enhancing the compressive strength with 9.98% while the use of 0.8% long hooked end steel fibers provided better splitting tensile and flexural strengths with 33.33% and 30.35%, respectively, compared to specimen with no fiber at 28 curing day. Besides, the long hooked end steel fibers with the volume fraction of 0.8% contributed to an excellent deflection hardening behavior resulting in higher load deflection capacity and higher toughness values at peak load, L/600 and L/150. On the other hand, with incorporation of polypropylene fiber, all strength values decreased regardless of the volume fraction and curing days.

The innovative solutions offered by integrating 3D printing technology in construction over the conventional practices have established its globally rising adoption in the construction industry. This study assessed the awareness, application, drivers, and barriers to adopting enhanced 3D printing technology for construction to enhance faster and more sustainable construction processes. The study adopted a quantitative descriptive analysis which was based on primary data. The primary data were obtained using structured questionnaires self-administered to construction firms/contractors in Lagos State, Nigeria. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established that the awareness and application levels of the technology are still deficient, as the vast majority (80.8%) of the firms who had an awareness of the technology in the study area acquired it through personal research and professional dialogue, rather than through the practical application of the technology. This finding showed that 3DP technology is a new construction option in the study area. The findings showed statistically significant differences among the drivers (0.039≤ p ≤0.017) for the adoption of 3D printing technology, which is influenced by the client’s demand and desire. The study further established that inadequate power source is a significant limiting factor to adopting 3D printing in the study area. Implications are indicated by the findings on the technology drivers and barriers that could help the construction industry in developing countries towards capability improvement for better adoption of 3D printing innovation and enhanced sustainable construction process.

Fiber-reinforced polymer composites are well-studied and established products, and today they are being used in different industrial and non-industrial areas. However, the increased interest in recyclability and the concerns about climate change caused materials scientists to look for a non-petroleum-based alternative to synthetic fibers and polymers. Since the beginning of this century, natural fibers and biopolymers have attracted increasing interest each year for composite applications. Thanks to this interest, studies on natural fibers and biopolymers have increased significantly. Despite the high number of studies on natural fibers and natural fiber-reinforced polymers (NFRP), there are gaps in the literature. This work reviews studies on natural fibers, biopolymers, and biocomposites with their advantages, disadvantages, and limitations. Studies that focus on the ways to reduce or eliminate these disadvantages and limitations have also been looked at. Also, current challenges and future perspectives for natural fibers, biopolymers, and NFRPs have been discussed.

The current study investigates the possibility of volcanic Tuff of Earth of Datça (ED) in Turkey to be used as an aluminosilicate source in producing a geopolymer foam for thermal insulation. An extensive evaluation of the effects of fine sand–to–pozzolan and Al powder–to–pozzolan ratios on the physical, mechanical, and thermal properties and morphology (porosity, average and maximum pore diameter, pore size distribution) of the pores were carried out. The sodium silicate and potassium hydroxide (12.5 M) solutions with an activator ratio of 2.5 were used as alkali activators, and Al powder was used as a foaming agent. Research results reveal that Earth of Datça is a suitable precursor for producing a geopolymer foam. Fine sand and aluminum powder contents are critical to the optimum foam structure. The addition of finely ground silica sand ensured the volumetric stability of the binder and prevented the collapse after swelling of the binder. The optimum Al powder–to–pozzolan ratio was determined as 0.5% because it gives higher physical, mechanical, and thermal properties due to the more homogenous microstructure with finer pore size and narrower pore size distribution lower degree of interconnectivity between the pores. Research results also show that the natural volcanic Tuff of Datça Peninsula as an aluminosilicate source gives promising results in the field of producing highly porous geopolymers with low thermal conductivity (0.087–0.134 W/mK), high porosity (72.3–82.6%) and an adequate compressive strength (0.40–2.09 MPa). This study contributes to the literature that Earth of Datça–based geopolymer foam may function well as an insulation material for building enclosures.

The process of depleting the natural sources of virgin sand and aggregate makes it challenging to satisfy the demand for construction work. Therefore, in a context of sustainable construction, this study examined the feasibility of utilizing dredged sediments (DS) as a substitute for sand in non-structural controlled low-strength materials (CLSM). A total of two types of dredged sediments, coarser and finer, were collected from two different sources. Then, nine CLSM mixtures were prepared by using different proportions of natural sand (virgin sand) and dredged sediments. Each mixture was tested for flowability, unconfined compressive strength, density and excavatability. Flow consistency decreased with the amount of dredged sediments and presence of finer material in CLSM. Strength results were found within required specification for all nine CLSM tested in this study. Overall, flow consistency, strength and excavatability were found dependent on the characteristics of dredged sediments. This study showed that up to 50% of substitution of sand with DS in CLSM improved strength and density. Furthermore, flow consistency was found to decrease with increase in the amount of DS in CLSM mixtures.

Recently, it has been known that carbon fiber, a conductive fiber, is used in different mixture designs and the development of electrically conductive cementitious materials. However, the evaluation of ferrochrome slag as a recycled aggregate in the mixture of these special concretes has still not been investigated. In this study, electrically conductive mortars were produced using 100% recycled ferrochrome slag aggregate with a particle size of less than 1 mm as filling material and using carbon fiber in 4 different ratios, 0%, 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1%. To investigate the electrical conductivity properties, the resistivity values of the samples were measured at five different times within 2–180 days. In addition, 28-day compressive strength, flexural strength, dynamic resonance, ultrasonic pulse velocity, Leeb hardness, scanning electron microscope, and X-Ray Diffraction tests were performed on all samples. The results were compared with the literature, proving that ferrochrome slag could be used as a reasonable aggregate in conductive mortars. The age effect was minimal in CF-added mixtures. With the addition of 1% CF, the resistivity values decreased approximately 40 times compared to the reference. Moreover, SEM analyses of the CF-0.75 sample showed that the CFs adhered to form a conductive network between the components in the ferrochrome-filled compact structure.

This article presents recent findings on the effect of thermal variances on pavements. It covers temperature measurement in asphalt pavement; the history of asphalt pavement temperature prediction models, determination of asphalt layer depth temperature; main factors contributing to temperature variations in the asphaltic pavement; energy balance in flexible pavements; asphalt pavement design incorporating the temperature factor; the effect of temperature on the structural performance of asphalt pavement; and environmental factors. The study concluded that temperature substantially affects the asphalt pavement layer's mechanical and physical material characteristics. This study has taken a close look at how pavement temperatures are measured and the models used to predict future temperatures. The research shows that temperature significantly affects the mechanical and physical properties of asphalt pavement layers.

In recent years, significant advancements in developing large-scale 3D printers and construction materials have been made to meet industrial-scale 3D printing construction demand. Constructing the buildings and structural components using 3D concrete printing is significant. The main benefits of additive manufacturing (AM) are freedom of design, construction waste reduction, mass customization, and the ability to manufacture complex structures. The major issues include optimizing the printing material with suitable properties for 3D concrete printing. However, this technology for green building construction seems to improve conventional methods by reducing human resource requirements, high investment costs, and formworks. The research community's interest in 3D printing for architecture and construction has grown significantly over the last few years. As a result, there is a need to combine existing and ongoing research in this area to understand better current problems and their potential solutions based on future research work. This paper reviews the latest trend of research and state-of-the-art technologies in 3D printing in building and construction by analyzing the publications from 2002 to 2022. Based on the above-mentioned analysis of publications, printing methods, concrete printing systems, and the influence of constituent materials and chemical admixtures on concrete material properties are briefly discussed. The challenges and recommendations of 3DCP, including reinforcement, development of new materials, multi-nozzle combinations, life cycle assessment of 3DCP, and development of hybrid systems, are then examined. This paper concluded with a discussion of the limitations of existing systems and potential future initiatives to enhance their capability and print quality.

The aim of the study is to optimize the aggregate gradation curve (AGC) for recycled aggregate concrete (RAC). Accordingly, TS 802 aggregate gradation curves such as A16, B16 and C16 and, also two proposed AGCs such as G1 and G2 are examined in the experiments. Hence, in total, 10 mixes are designed in consideration of A16, B16, C16, G1 and G2. The physical (density and water absorption) and the mechanical (compressive strength) properties are determined conducting the standard tests at the age of 28th days after a standard 22±2oC water curing. Also, a criterion weighting method such as Entropy Method is used in the evaluation of the properties of concretes and the weights of the properties of concretes are determined. Then, TOPSIS is used to find the best concrete in consideration of the design parameters and test results for the selection of the optimum AGC. As a result, the influence of AGC on the properties of natural aggregate concretes (NACs) and RACs are unsimilar and while A16 results in a denser NAC with higher compressive strength, C16 can be offered to decrease the open pore content of RAC in terms of water absorption leading a durable concrete with a higher compressive strength. Besides, the results of Entropy Method present interesting findings, and the coarse aggregate ratio in the mix is found as the most effective parameters among the investigated design parameters. However, the best AGCs are found as A16 for NAC and G2 for RAC according to TOPSIS results. It is concluded that further investigations are required.

In this study, it is aimed to investigate the influence of rice husk ash, which is a waste by-product of industrial production, on ultrasonic pulse velocity, compressive strength, flexural strength and high temperature endurance of the metakaolin-based geopolymer mortar. For this, the sand was substituted by rice husk ash (RHA) at the rate of 25%, 50% and 75% by wt. in the production of geopolymer mortar. A total of 4 series of metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars (reference series and three series with RHA substitution) were produced. In this study, the geopolymer, in other words, the binder of the mortar was produced by metakaolin and ground granulated blast furnace slag reacting with the mixture of sodium hydroxide (12M NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) solutions. The ratio of metakaolin and reactant mixture (12M NaOH + Na2SiO3) was determined for each series following the preliminary experiments. On the specimens produced as 50 mm cube and 40 x 40 x 160 mm prism, the intended experiments were carried out after specimens underwent curing in a dry oven at 60oC during 72 h and gained strength. The results showed that RHA could be used as a filling material in metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars, and metakaolin-based geopolymer mortars with 50% RHA substitution can be an alternative to the pure metakaolin-based mortar.

Geopolymer concrete (GPC) is obtained by activating industrial wastes such as fly ash with chemical liquids such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na2 SiO3). In order to use environmentally friendly GPC obtained from industrial wastes instead of portland cement concrete (OPC), its behavior in structural elements is important and should be investigated in detail. Load-displacement characteristics, flexural and shear stiffnesses and crack development of samples were obtained by numerical analysis. The GPC beams to be an alternative to OPC beams, their mechanical properties and fracture modes must be at least as much as OPC. As a result of the analyses, it was determined that the 110x20x15 cm GPC beams with compression reinforcements of 2Φ8 and tension reinforcements of 2Φ8, 3Φ14 and 2Φ18, respectively, showed similar flexural, shear and crack development with OPC beams. Simulations of GPC beams were made up to the breaking point, contributing to the understanding of its behavior.

Sustainability is a growing area of concern, especially amid the concrete industry. Concrete, especially traditional concrete, which contains Portland cement, is extremely harmful to the environment producing mass amounts of carbon dioxide. Additionally, the harvesting of these materials, like lime, cause significant damage to waterways and the ecosystem. For years, studies have found numerous, more sustainable, alternatives that are structurally equivalent to traditional concrete. The Connecticut Department of Transportation does allow for the use of alternative “green” concretes as long as the mix designs meet the required specifications. Nevertheless, heavy highway construction seems reluctant to dabble with new substances and continues to falls back on the use of fly ash concrete. This solution, however, is not perfect, as fly ash is a finite material. By conducting a nationwide survey to the Departments of Transportation (DOT), the reliance on fly ash was evident. It was also found that the biggest concerns for DOTs would be the cost and availability of the material. This study investigates presently accepted alternative concrete mixture designs and also explores the solutions of volcanic ash concrete and ground glass concrete. Based off the results of the survey and practicality, this study suggests the incorporation of ground glass concrete for heavy highway construction. This solution provides the needed strength requirements per DOT specs and is within the same price-range as fly ash concrete.

Geopolymers have advantages such as good high-temperature, acid and sulfate resistance. Recently, researchers have been working on cement-geopolymer hybrid materials. According to these studies, it is possible to adjust the setting times, to gain strength at ambient temperature and to increase the strength with the use of cement. However, it is known that the structural stability of cement deteriorates at high temperatures, lowering its strength. In this study, the effect of slaked lime and cement inclusion on the strength and high-temperature resistance of Class F and Class C fly ash-based geopolymer mortars was investigated. For this purpose, fly ash was replaced with 10, 20 and 30% cement or 5, 10, 15 and 20% slaked lime. The lime and cement substitutions decreased the compressive strength by 8.9-24.4% in Class F fly ash-based geopolymer mortars. In Class C fly ash, however, the cement addition increased the compressive strength up to 46.6%, but the lime inclusion decreased the strength slightly. There was no significant change in the high-temperature resistance of cement or lime-included Class F fly ash geopolymer mortars exposed to 900°C. However, serious decrease was recorded in the high-temperature resistance of Class C fly ash geopolymers upon partial replacement of the fly ash with either cement or lime.

This study aimed to investigate the precast reinforced concrete beam-to-column joints behaviors through the replaceable damper under cyclic loading. The precast concrete specimens have been embedded with steel reinforcement and specially shaped connectors. After the application of the replaceable damper under cyclic loading, the energy dissipation part has acted very well and increased the bearing capacity of precast specimens. The precast concrete beam–to–column joints were designed and analyzed to compare with the reinforced concrete (RC) specimen. The analysis result of the loading based on the controlled displacement method has illustrated that the precast specimen model with damper has shown a greater hysteric behavior than the RC frame. the PS-1 is passed the 2.8% chord rotation approximately, which showed better performance, and higher resistance than the RC specimen. The efficiency of the PS–1 specimen with a special connection has been elaborated with the finite element method (FEM) and simulated by ABAQUS software.

In the present study, the influence of the crumb rubber utilization as fine aggregate on the engineering properties of fly ash-based geopolymer mortar was experimentally investigated. In this context, the natural sand used in the production of geopolymer mortars was substituted with the crumb rubber, which comes out in the course of applying the retreading process to the end-of-life tires, at the substitution levels of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% by volume of aggregate content. In this way, 6 different geopolymer mixtures, one of which was the control mixture, were designed and produced. Then, the effect of crumb rubber on the fresh-state properties like flowability and fresh unit weight and the hardened-state properties like dry unit weight, compressive and flexural strengths of geopolymer mortars were examined. Besides, the properties of crumb rubber such as grading, specific gravity, water absorption capacity, fineness modulus as well as surface texture and particle shapes were compared with that of the river sand. Moreover, the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) occurring between both natural sand and crumb rubber and geopolymer paste was viewed using the SEM images. The results obtained in the scope of this study showed that crumb rubber had no significant influence on the flowing capability of the geopolymer mortars; however, incorporation of crumb rubber and increasing its substitution level had important effects on the unit weight, strength characteristics and ITZ. Moreover, the photographic view of the mixtures revealed that the crumb rubber particles were well-distributed on the mortar cross-section, namely no bleeding and segregation problems were faced. As a consequence, the results obtained in the scope of this study showed that crumb rubber could be used in geopolymer mortar production, provided that it is at certain substitution levels.

In this study, theophylline (1) compounds were synthesized with addition of 2-bromoetha-nol, 2-bromoacetamide and methyl-2-bromoacetate to attain symmetric connections to NHCs (2a–c). New complexes containing the symmetric N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligands were synthesized using azolium salts in dimethyl formamide (DMF). After the NHC predecessor compounds reacted with Ag2O, Ag(I)-NHC complexes were synthesized in the following: 7,9-di-(2-hydroxyethyl)-8,9-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-dionedium silver(I)bromide (3a), 7,9-di(acetamide)-8,9-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-purine-2,6(3H,7H)-di-ondium silver(I)bromide (3b) and 7,9-di(methylacetate)-8,9-dihydro-1,3-dimethyl-1H-pu-rine-2,6(3H,7H)-diondiumsilver(I)bromide (3c). Both synthesized NHC predecessors (2a-c) and Ag(I)-NHC complexes (3a-c) were described by FTIR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, liquid and solid-state conductivity values, TGA analysis, melting point analysis and XRD spectroscopy. In-vitro antibacterial activities of NHC-predecessors and Ag(I)-NHC complexes were tested against gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus Aureus and Bacillus Cereus), gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia Coli and Listeria Monocytogenes), and fungus (Candida Albicans) in Tryptic Soy Broth method. Ag(I)-NHC complexes showed higher antibacterial activity than pure NHC predecessors. The lowest microbial inhibition concentration (MIC) value of compound 3a was obtained as 11.56 μg/ml for Escherichia Coli and 11.52 μg/ml for Staphylococcus Aureus. All tested complexes displayed antimicrobial activity with different results.

The negative consequences of construction may be minimized by using environmentally friendly construction techniques. There are many ways construction work impacts the environment. The purchasing and use of building materials and the chopping down of trees are only some of the various processes involved in construction. However, the bulk of traditional building methods have the most significant harmful impact on the environment. For future generations, sustainable construction techniques and practices must prioritize all principles of sustainability. This study examines the idea and substance of sustainable development, sustainable development's triple bottom line, the significance of the triple bottom line to the construction industry, corporate sustainability and knowledge transfer. Sustainability in construction works, how construction works affect the environment, environmental benefits of construction, barriers to sustainability in the construction industry, and recommends steps to sustainability in construction. The study also points out research gaps to be filled. In the methodology. reputable academic sources were found were found on Google Scholar, SCOPUS, the Web of Science, IEEE, Xplore, and Science Direct. As part of their study, the authors trimmed down the papers to those that best answered their research questions. After examining these sources, the authors restricted their attention to 55 sources that had a strong link to their study. Recommendations and conclusions were derived from a review of the available research as presented in this study. The study found that a project's social sustainability success depends on meeting the requirements of a wide range of stakeholders, also that sustainable construction creates a more equitable working environment, reduces costs, boosts productivity, and better health. It also provides economic advantages, more efficient use of resources, promotes the environment's protection, and increases the overall quality of life.

It is critical to determine the shear wave velocity (Vs) for earthquake resistant construction design and ground improvement methods. Vs is used in geotechnical earthquake engineering and microzonation studies to calculate the stresses and strong motion characteristics that an earthquake will generate in the soil layers. Characterization of soil and rock small-strain shear modulus and shear wave velocity is an essential component of different seismic analyses such as ground classification, hazard analysis, site-response analysis, and soil-structure interaction. Due to the high expense of seismic testing in comparison to other field tests, these tests are often favored in more significant projects. In circumstances when field seismic testing cannot or only in a limited number of cases be undertaken, the need for correlations between shear wave velocity and other experimental data leads to calculation of Vs. In circumstances when undisturbed soil samples, such as gravel, sand, and silt, cannot be acquired, the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) has been effectively implemented, and numerous researchers have investigated the relationships between the obtained values and the shear wave velocity. It was discovered that the parameters influencing SPT-N number also influence shear wave velocity. Because the relationships presented in the literature are empirical formulae, they may not offer consistent findings for all soil conditions and soil types. The goal of this study is to determine the closest empirical relationships given in the literature by comparing derived SPT values to average shear-wave velocity to 30-m depth (Vs30) values obtained from Multichannel Analysis of Surface Waves (MASW) for the same sites in the Edirne area. Among the investigated relationships, the ones with the lowest error were recommended for estimate of Vs data in the locations with missing Vs data.

Fiber reinforced concrete is widely used throughout the world however to reveal its full potential, optimization with different additives should be asserted. In this study, effect of the three different parameters were diagnosed by means of compressive strength, flexural strength and fracture. Ordinary Portland cement mortars were studied with three different basalt fiber contents (0, 0.5, 1%), three different nanosilica addition (0, 1, 2% by wt. of cement) and also silica fume incorporation (0, 5% by wt. of cement). The results showed that adding basalt fiber significantly improved the flexural strength and toughness properties and also with the addition of nanosilica the increase in flexural strength boosted up to 23% level of increase at the presence of silica fume. This synergy effect was found to be significant when incorporating basalt fibers. When nonfibrous specimens were inspected, it is seen that addition of nanosilica was not significantly efficient increasing neither the flexural strength nor fracture properties.

Çorlu municipality building was built in 1984, by famous architects Maruf Önal and Hakkı Önel through modern architecture signs in Turkey. It was designed with a modest and rational approach, with meticulous construction, although it is a public building in line with a modern style. In terms of location, the municipality building was built in front of today's Cumhuriyet square, between the Kumyol Street and Omurtak Street, in the period when Salih Omurtak Street was just opened, during the years when the construction in Çorlu was not concentrated yet. In the project area, it was decided to demolish the Sücaettin primary school building built in 1936 and the old reinforced concrete baths and cisterns belonging to the Çorlu municipality and replace them with the municipal structure, and they were placed in this area with the square in front of the municipality building. Around the building; the Military Hospital, the Officer's Club and the 5th Corps Command buildings were located which were built in the 1930s. The aim of the study is to preserve the building and to sustain its life longer by questioning constructional building systems. Therefore the target is to preserve the function of the building with the original architectural language and concept. To design a structural system that will increase the strength and similar characteristics of the existing structure to the previous level. Creating the level determined analytical and experimental means within the framework of current regulations and to ensure that the performance of the building is at a level that will prevent wholesale collapse in an earthquake. Therefore the structural systems of buildings are to be rearranged according to new earthquake regulations.