This study aimed to investigate the relationship between metacognitive, multiple intelligence, and reading comprehension of elementary and intermediate EFL learners. To this end, the researchers recruited 60 elementary students of Hasanzadeh high school in grade 10^th and 60 intermediate English learners from Bilan-Taymaz English institute in Kazeroun using the Oxford Placement Test. Afterward, the researchers administered the researcher-made reading comprehension test. Furthermore, the Multiple Intelligence Questionnaire and Metacognitions Questionnaire tests were conducted. Participants were asked to complete these questionnaires and to take the reading comprehension test through separate sessions on the Rubika app. The results revealed a significant relationship between the metacognition and reading comprehension of both elementary and intermediate EFL learners. Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between the multiple intelligences of Iranian elementary and intermediate EFL learners and their reading comprehension. According to the next results obtained through SPSS, the researchers found that there is a significant difference between the metacognition of the elementary and intermediate participants. The same result was obtained for multiple intelligence. Keywords: Iranian elementary EFL Learners, Iranian intermediate EFL learners metacognition, Multiple intelligence, Reading comprehension;

The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Iranian senior high school EFL learners’ satisfaction with online education and their anxiety level during COVID-19 outbreak. To this end, 180 students from two senior high schools were asked to participate in this study. Based on the performance of the participants on the Quick Placement Test, the researcher recruited 100 students through availability sampling. To determine the anxiety level of the participants, the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale was employed. Moreover, the satisfaction questionnaire was used to check the learners’ satisfaction with online education. The Pearson correlation was run to determine the correlation between different levels of anxiety and e-learners’ satisfaction. The results indicated that there was a significant negative correlation between these variables. In other words, as the anxiety level of the participants increased, their satisfaction with online education decreased to a significant extent. Keywords: Anxiety levels, EFL elementary learners, e-learners’ satisfaction;

Contemporary pedagogical experts have stressed the importance of context in education as a critical determinant of the success of learning outcomes. These recent arguments stem from earlier scholars who claimed that the context of education is often taken for granted, although its influence on teaching and learning is crucial. Perhaps the main reason the context of learning is often ignored is that it has been defined vaguely over the years. Educational context is less understood because it comprises many aspects, including culture, history, social factors, and national ethos, influencing people’s perceptions and understanding. The relationship between context and education outcome remains unclear due to the lack of a clear definition. Since context plays a key role in influencing education outcomes, ambitious policies on educational reforms must consider the context of learning to be implemented successfully. Keywords: Context, change, educational change, educational context, educational reform, English language teaching

The advances in information technology have brought dramatic changes to the means and methods of learning, making it possible to learn everywhere and every time. In line with educational transformations, e-Learning has gained additional significance. Educational CDs and multimediasoftware have triggered substantial changes in education (Zandi, 2009). Given the importance of language skillsin every academic level, especially the primary level, the proper instructions of these skills should be a concern to educational authorities. Writing, as it plays a crucial role to sustain language, is of significance importance and should be heeded (Birjandi, 2002). While the direct instruction of spelling on the basis of psychologicalprinciples is highly recommended in today’s educational systems, spelling is still assumed to be an assessment instrumentrather than an educational one in Iran’s curriculum. Investigating the educational texts and reliable websites, the present study aims to plan an e-learning curriculum for spelling based on cognitive approach. Key Keywords: Curriculum, E-learning, Cognitive Approach, Spelling.

In the process of reforming education, it has become no longer possible to discuss pedagogy, curriculum, instruction, academic achievement, or the culture and climate of schools without discussing social-emotional competencies under the framework of social and emotional learning. This paper attempted to explore some of the complications within the building and implementing an educational curriculum. The study discusses educational pedagogy in the existing literature. Based on the findings, education requires more dedicated and school-specific reflection into where things go wrong. Due to the broad range of skills and unfurling neuroscience behind emotional intelligence, it can be proposed that a lack of ownership of these competencies is assisting in a dilution through local authority principles/governments/education boards and to a loosely based school-level approach through individual teachers with little guidance or support. Keywords: COVID-19, emotional competencies, emotional learning, neuroscience, pedagogy;

The Peircean semiotic approach suggests a non-linear and dynamic view of culture to examine it through signs, sign systems and meaning-making processes. This approach emphasises that images, texts and tasks are considered semiotic resources, generating cultural meanings through semiotic processes. This study aims to reveal the concept of culture in a dynamic manner concerning the semiotic potential embedded in the Iranian EFL textbooks used in junior high schools from the perspective of a semiotic framework. Semiotic analysis showed that cultural meaning-making is directed through guided semiosis, hampering students’ exploration of cultural potential meanings, cultural reflection, understanding and awareness. The denotational and the indexical relationship between texts and images also does not foster students’ intercultural understanding of living and maintaining in a global community, and hence, teachers need to move towards the symbolic aspect of texts and images through unguided semiosis to develop students’ cultural understanding of self and others. Keywords: Cultural, English textbooks, Peircean, semiotic, unguided semiosis;

Integrating translation in English for specific purposes (ESP) teaching and learning is a crucial issue since the last decade of the 20th century. This paper aims to analyse the role of translation as a helpful tool for ESP classes on the use of translation in ESP teaching and learning. Therefore, a case study is employed to describe the necessity of using translation in ESP classes, especially, for third-year computer science students at the University of Tlemcen. A mixed method was used; a questionnaire was administered to ESP teachers in the Department of Science and Technology, and classroom observation on third-year students of computer science was conducted. The results revealed that computer sciences students at the University of Tlemcen faced various hindrances when dealing with professional resources which are mainly at the level of content due to the nature of ESP courses they were exposed to during their studies. Keywords: Computer science; ESP; ESP courses; students; translation.

Nedromi speakers, especially the new generation, tend to correct some mistakes that they believe are stigmatised features in their speech and thus they try to shift to Modern Standard Arabic. This research paper aims at examining the impact of education on language use, which highlights the sociolinguistic variable, mainly that of education and age, and how it may affect the linguistic behaviour in Arabic. A Nedroma speech community is the sample population. This study emphasises phonological, morphological and lexical levels of analysis, trying to make use of both quantitative and qualitative methods. Such an analysis is viewed to help us understand some of the reasons behind such a change in linguistic behaviours essentially motivated by the influence of education. The results show that the choice of certain linguistic features by the individual is determined by the speaker’s age category, his level of education and, most importantly, his attitude towards certain linguistic characteristics. Keywords: Age, Algerian context, education, language variability, linguistic features, Nedromi Arabic

The current study tried to explore the effects of assessment types and learners’ gender on EFL learners’ performance in speech accuracy. To this end, 60 homogenous students out of 90 students from Rahe Farda Institute in Bastak in Hormozgan province were selected based on the Quick Oxford Placement Test. The instruments of the study were an Oxford Placement Test, peer and self-assessment questionnaires adopted from Patri and Weir’s Analytic Speaking Criteria. The results were calculated using SPSS version 20. It can be seen that the means were close together, but the mean score for the male students was a little higher than that of the female students. According to the outcomes, assessment types had a significant influence on performance in speech accuracy and peer-assessment was more effective than self-assessment on performance in speech accuracy.   Keywords: Peer assessment, self-assessment, speech;

This study includes the adaptation of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale developed by Wongpakaran et al. (2020) to the Turkish language and the findings of its reliability and validity values. The study was conducted with the data obtained from the study group (n=327) including university students. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the scale showed a single-factor structure in accordance with its original structure. Furthermore, the criterion validity of the scale is also computed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale V3. The reliability of the scale was computed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient technique and it was found to be 84. Findings have shown that Turkish adaptation of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used in measuring loneliness in Turkey. Keywords: loneliness, scale adaptation, validity, reliability

Socio-scientific issues take their content from situations that can be encountered in daily life. Therefore, teaching these subjects is among the important aims of science education. This study aims to determine the views of science teachers on socio-scientific issues. The study was carried out with 26 science teachers (18 women and 8 men) working in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education in the city centre of Kayseri in the 2020–2021 academic year. Open-ended document questions were used as a data collection tool in the study. Content analysis was used in the analysis of the qualitative data obtained in the study. It was concluded that some science teachers did not take any courses related to socio-scientific issues and their teaching in education faculties during their undergraduate education, while the content of existing courses only provided information on some socio-scientific issues. Keywords: Science education, science teachers, socio-scientific issues;

The study aimed to identify the elements of an effective educational process from university students’ viewpoints and their relationship to some variables. These variables included gender, type of subject, academic degree, and academic level of the student. The researcher used the descriptive approach along with a questionnaire that comprised (41) items distributed across (4) domains as the study instrument. The study sample comprised (3000) male and female students. The study results showed that the elements of the effective educational process got an average degree in the domains of the questionnaire as a whole. The results also showed that there were no statistically perspectives of university students following the study variables.

It is important to determine the ethical sensitivities of teachers who have high potential to work with experimental animals due to their branches. With this purpose the current study aimed to determine science and biology teachers’ ethical opinions about the use of experimental animals. In order to collect data, the Questionnaire of Opinions about the Use of Experimental Animals developed by Yiğit, et al. (2015) was employed. The collected data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, percentages, frequencies, mean values and t-test (N=70). While the science and biology teachers approached to the sixth item “Animals can be used in experiments in which they experience some pain for the benefits of humanity” with higher ethical sensitivity, the female participants were found to be more sensitive towards the second item “Alternative methods should be the first methods to be employed by researchers”. In light of the findings of the current study, it can be suggested that science and biology teachers who are more likely to be involved in experiments in which animals are used (according to the science and biology course contents published by YÖK) should be subjected to trainings during their pre-service and in-service years to raise their ethical sensitivities about the issue; thus, they can help their students more to recognize the value of animals. Keywords: Teachers’ sensitivity, ethics, animals, laboratuary experiments

This study includes the adaptation of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale developed by Wongpakaran et al. (2020) to the Turkish language and the findings of its reliability and validity values. The study was conducted with the data obtained from the study group (n=327) including university students. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the scale showed a single-factor structure in accordance with its original structure. Furthermore, the criterion validity of the scale is also computed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale V3. The reliability of the scale was computed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient technique and it was found to be 84. Findings have shown that Turkish adaptation of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used in measuring loneliness in Turkey. Keywords: loneliness, scale adaptation, validity, reliability

This study aimed to determine how higher education perceptions of preschool children from low socio-economic families differ after a planned and structured visit to a university campus. The study used phenomenological research design and 29 children (48-60 months old) were selected with purposive sampling method from a low income district public preschool in Ankara. Data were collected through interviews with children and their drawings. Children were asked three questions about higher education in pre-interview and after their visit to the university campus, in the post-interview they were asked the same questions. The interview results and children’s drawings were analysed by content analysis. The results indicated that participating in a set of activities at the university, children’s understanding of higher education and perception of university changed considerably. It is suggested that universities can carry out activities to raise awareness of children and their families in low-income district schools. Keywords: higher education, low-socio-economic level, preschool children, perception, university

The focus of the study was to find out the effect of watching subtitled documentary videos on EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners’ vocabulary learning. To this end, 90 intermediate students (male and female) were randomly selected based on a proficiency test. Next, they were randomly assigned to two experimental groups and one control group. Participants took a pre-test. After 12 L2 treatment sessions where each group watched the video clips, 1 experimental group watched the clips with L1 subtitles and the other group with L2 subtitles and the control group with no subtitles, the post-test was conducted. Then, one-way analysis of variance was conducted to find out if there were any differences between the post-test performances of three groups. The results showed that participants in the L2 subtitled group and L1 subtitled group performed significantly better than unsubtitled group. The L2 subtitled group (mean = 16.97) performed better, but not significantly than the L1 subtitled group (mean = 16.56). The findings contribute to EFL learners, teachers and the Ministry of Education. Keywords: Documentary, video subtitling, listening, vocabulary learning, L1 subtitling, L2 subtitling;

From a country that subsidizes all areas of social life, non-state actors are not allowed to participate in providing social services. However, after 1986, Vietnam entered the Innovate period, all sectors were able to participate in social services, including education. Socialization in the field of education, which is a major policy of the State of Vietnam, has initially achieved certain results in mobilizing social resources to meet the increasing needs of the people. However, in fact, this field still has many limitations and obstacles, one of the basic and important reasons is that the awareness of socialization in the field of education still has inconsistent and inconsistent contents transparently at all levels, sectors as well as the whole society. Using qualitative research methods, this article will briefly outline the entire socialization work in the education sector in Vietnam, from which there are suggestions to promote the effectiveness of this work.

The aim of this study is to investigate the science teacher candidates’ ability to prepare misconceptions’ refutational text (RT). Thirty-five students from the third year of Marmara University Science Teacher Education participated in the study. The type of research method is qualitative, and the pattern is case study. The data collection tools of the research are interview forms about preparing misconceptions’ RTs prepared by pre-service teachers and preparing RTs by pre-service teachers. The researchers examined the science teacher candidates’ ability to prepare misconceptions’ RTs. Lack of knowledge about the misconceptions given to the teacher candidates and the lack of knowledge on the subject content of the given misconception are among the short comings. In order to develop misconceptions’ RTs by prospective teachers, the nature and importance of biology, chemistry, physics and laboratory courses given in the undergraduate level should be indicated to the prospective teachers. Keywords: Biodiversity, science courses, misconception, refutational text, science teacher.

This study examined the situational motivation of Iranian EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners amid the COVID-19 pandemic through a descriptive and correlational design. To this end, the 16-item version of the Situational Motivation Scale constructed was employed. The participants were 65 university students who had taken a general English course. The data were fed into SPSS. The findings indicated that intrinsic motivation and amotivation were the lowest and highest categories of the scale. That is, the course had no inherent pleasure for the participants and they experienced feelings of ineffectiveness and beliefs of uncontrollability. Also, it was found that there was a significant, moderate and negative relationship between Intrinsic motivation and external regulation and motivation. Also, the relationship between amotivation and external regulation was significant, strong and positive. Keywords: COVID-19, EFL, intrinsic motivation, online education, situational motivation;

With the advancement in technology, various new learning strategies have been developed according to the requirement and learning environments of the learners. The game-based learning strategy is an advanced learning strategy in which a learner is fully engaged in the learning process. This learning strategy completely replaces the traditional learning strategy. A lot of research studies have indicated the improvement in the learning process by game-based learning strategy. The purpose of the current study was to compare the students’ learning outcomes with game-based and traditional learning strategies by descriptive and statistical way. A total of 26 articles published from 2012 to 2021 were selected by following the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The literature review of previous studies indicated that game-based learning strategy proved to be a highly effective learning strategy in numerous disciplines under different learning environments. In the game-based learning strategy, the learners are highly engaged in the learning process. Keywords: Game-based learning, traditional learning strategy, effective, engagement;

STEM education is currently one of the most updated topics in line with 21st century learning. Technology-based education is integrated in science, engineering and mathematics. Analysis is needed to see the development of educational activities, especially in the field of STEM education. However, according to TIMSS and PISA, there is still a lack of human resources who master the STEM field. Efforts to advance the development of STEM education are carried out using analysis through the distribution of assessments. In this case the analysis includes two aspects, namely the level of knowledge and the application of the STEM method. The comparison of the two aspects is based on the accumulative data of lecturers' assessments. This study aims to analyze the level of knowledge and the application of the STEM method used as an effort to develop STEM education. This type of research is mixed research. Research that applies two combinations of qualitative and quantitative research. Quantitative research to determine the value of the analysis between variables. Qualitative research to strengthen quantitative results. The results of this study that knowledge about STEM in the high category is 80% while the application of the STEM method is in the low category with a percentage of 25%. The application of the STEM method is hampered by the lack of STEM education methods owned by lecturers. Keyword: Develop, STEM Education, Applocation, Knowledge

During the COVID-19 pandemic, panic and public scare spread among individuals including healthcare providers, and a need to design an alternative clinical training away from hospitals where there were many COVID-19 infections became a top priority. This study aimed to implement special clinical training for pharmacy students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Clinical training was conducted in the University of Petra (UOP) campus clinic instead of hospitals. Campus training was from July to September 2020. The in-campus clinical training at the UOP clinic involved primary patient care concentrating on pharmaceutical care, which focuses on correct drug indication, effectiveness, safety, and adherence. A total of 15 final years pharmacy students from the faculty of pharmacy finished the post-training questionnaire. Qualitative responses from students exhibited positive answers linked to campus clinical training orientation, preceptors, and pharmacy students’ clinical knowledge and clinical skills. Students expressed positive and high appraisals of clinical training locations and medical staff/preceptors. Keywords: Clinic; Coronavirus; COVID-19; education; pharmacy; training.

Studies have shown that meta-cognitive thinking skill is teachable and it is central to other skills such as problem-solving, decision making, critical thinking, and invaluable contribution to the learners’ competencies and achievements. The study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of Meta-Cognitive Strategies on Achievement in Creative Writing in primary schools. A sample of 62 pupils was selected for the study. The data were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and mean difference. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was used to test the hypotheses formulated at a 0.05 level of significance. The results indicated that achievement in creative writing significantly differed as a result of teaching pupils with metacognitive strategies and traditional methods. It was recommended that metacognitive strategies should be incorporated as a teaching strategy during creative writing instructions in schools. Teachers should also be supported by giving them training that will facilitate effective lesson delivery using metacognitive strategies.  Keywords: Achievement; Creative Writing; Metacognitive; pupils; strategy.

The field of genetics is often believed as a subject or a topic in biology that is difficult to learn and comprehend. The study aimed to identify the analogies used in the presentational format in illustrating genetics in selected biology textbooks in Osun State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population for the study comprised all the nine biology textbooks presently recommended by the Osun State Ministry of Education for implementing the biology curriculum. The study sample comprised six out of the nine recommended biology textbooks in Osun State using a simple random sampling technique. An instrument developed by Curtis and Reigeluth titled Biology Textbook Genetics Analogy (BTGA) was adapted and was used to collect data for the study. The study concluded that verbal analogies, simple analogies, and advance organizer analogies are the predominant analogies used in textbooks. It was also concluded that textbooks should include and balance the ratio of the different types of analogies being used. Keywords: Analogy, Biology Textbook, Genetics, Senior Secondary School, Osun State (Nigeria)

Universities are entrusted with nurturing a nation's brightest minds through different assessment and evaluation strategies. However, assessment became difficult during the COVID-19 pandemic era, hence, raising concerns about alternative assessment methods. This study focuses on the importance of formative assessments in higher education and how they can be designed to assess students’ performance using online web tools on mechanical engineering. The study was conducted by considering 60 students who undertook various assessment methodologies for 6 different courses. The result obtained helps the instructors to understand their learning efficacy and how it helps the individual to what extent the learning outcomes have been attained. Also, there was a huge gap between what instructors thought and how the students understood the context. Keywords: Attainment; Examinations; Formative Assessment; Learning Outcomes; Students’ Performance

The quality of the teaching and learning process in the 21st century encourages teachers to innovate learning integrated into all subjects of science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) to produce students who are critical, creative, and communicative. However, the majority of teachers in developing countries still have difficulty in implementing the learning process integrated with STEM due to the lack of training professional teacher development on STEM. This study aims to identify what teacher professional development (TPD) is currently targeted, instructional strategies are most used, and the topic is most prominent on five-year-olds (2016-2020) using the SCOPUS database. The design of this study is a systematic review. Data analysis on the first and second objectives is to use a qualitative, deductive, and thematic approach. The objectives of the third study were analyzed using VOSviewer software version 1.6.15.0. The identification results from 30 articles show that teacher professional development target on five-year-olds is the focus on practical application skills on STEM and teacher attitudes and beliefs towards learning that integrates STEM. While the instructional strategy used in PD is STEM-Problem based learning and inquiry-based learning. Topics are most prominent in the researcher on TPD focus on (1) teacher, (2) student, (3) science, and (4) STEM. Recommended for future researchers to identify PD based on (1) background education teacher, (2) gender, (3) summary, and (4) what the relationship between these variables.

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between ESP students' language learning beliefs and strategy use. 68 Iranian female students studying in midwifery and nursing departments were selected. Study participants received the Quick Oxford placement, and 51 intermediate participants were selected from among them. Language Learning-Related Beliefs Inventory, and Language Learning Strategy-Inventory were used. Chi-square was used to find the relationship. The results showed that Iranian midwifery students are moderate in their beliefs about language learning, they generally use language learning strategies at a moderate level, and their preferences for language learning strategies are compensatory, metacognitive, memory, cognitive, social and affective. The results also showed that there is a positive relationship between ESP students' language learning beliefs and their use of language learning strategies. The findings of this study can also be fruitful for language learners and teachers, curriculum designers and material developers. Keywords: ESP students, language learning beliefs, language learning strategies

It has been observed that there have been important developments in educational technologies in recent years/particularly, «COVIT - 19» has made these developments compulsory. The aim of this study is to analyze the published articles on blended learning in Russian language, scanned in Scopus, according to the content analysis. Content analysis model was used. In this context, 25 articles related to Blended learning in Russian language in the Scopus database were analyzed. The articles were read by the researchers one by one and analyzed by “classifying them by certain variables.” Analyzed data’ are explained by Tabulating. It has been concluded that articles on blended learning have increased in recent years. There has also been an increase in the number of articles and their authors in recent years. Keywords: blended learning, modernization, online learning, content analysis’ education;

Dear Reader, Thank you for showing interest in the Volume 11, Number 4 publication of the Contemporary Educational Researches Journal. As a renowned journal, this issue aims to uphold our previous standard in publishing high-standard articles. As such, this publication consists of thoroughly reviewed research articles from seasoned researchers from around the world. The influence of the COVID-19 pandemic is still being felt around the world and this issue addresses some of the major concerns on Educational research amidst the global pandemic. Some of the topics addressed in this issue include: Flipped learning – Pedagogic dilemmas; The vocabulary learning strategy use of Iranian elementary EFL learners; The relationship between the anxiety level of Iranian elementary EFL learners and their vocabulary learning strategies; Learning styles and vocabulary learning by Iranian undergraduate EFL learners; Prospects, challenges and evaluation of the BSc in EEE programme for diploma in engineering holders; Determining the influencing factors affecting the digital competencies of colleges students in blended teaching. The topics presented in this issue are a selection of topics from China, Bangladesh, Iran and Croatia. We would like to extend our gratitude to the contributors to this issue, for their immense contribution. Enjoy reading!!   Best regardsAssoc. Prof. Dr. Deniz Ozcan,Editor in Chief

Each English as a foreign language (EFL) learner may have a particular learning style which may affect the mastering of new language skills and components, one of which is vocabulary. The current study aims to find out the preferred learning style(s) of Iranian undergraduate EFL learners and their achievement in the vocabulary test. Forty-four undergraduate students took part in the study. visual, auditory, reading/writing and kinaesthetic learning style questionnaires and the teacher developed test of vocabulary were used in this study. The validity and reliability of the learning style questionnaire and the teacher developed test of vocabulary were determined. The data were collected and analysed using appropriate statistical analyses including descriptive statistics and one way analysis of variance. The results indicated that the participants were mainly auditory learners. Moreover, it was found that visual and multimodal learners had the best performances on the vocabulary test. Keywords: Learning style, vocabulary learning, undergraduate EFL learners.

In order to learn vocabulary efficiently, the utilisation of learning strategies is very important and surely it depends on learners’ attempts. The current study aimed at examining the strategies that Iranian elementary English as a foreign language (EFL) learners adopt for learning English vocabulary. To this end, based on the performance of the participants on the Quick Placement Test, the researcher recruited 100 participants through availability sampling. To determine the strategies that the participants employ for learning English vocabulary, Schmitt’s taxonomy of vocabulary learning strategies (VLSs) questionnaire was administered. The findings of the current study indicated that Iranian elementary EFL students were medium VLS users. The social strategy was found as the most frequently used category of strategies, followed by memory, determination, cognitive and metacognitive strategy. Keywords: Language, learning strategies, vocabulary, Iranian, elementary.

Understanding the current state of information and communication technology (ICT) use in teaching situations will help schools better develop students' 21st-century skills to meet the digital age's challenges and opportunities. The purpose of this paper is to provide reference for colleges and universities to formulate the framework and implementation strategies of digital literacy education, by analysing the key factors that influence the digital literacy education of college students. Firstly, based on literature research and activity theory, this paper integrates and refines the influencing factors of digital literacy education of college students from five dimensions, and analyses the key factors affecting digital literacy education. Then, experts were invited to fill in the questionnaire to obtain sample data, and the interaction between the factors was analysed by using the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory method to identify the key influencing factors. The results show that university policy, cultural environment, ICT infrastructure, teaching management and evaluation system are the five key influencing factors. Keywords: ICT, digital literacy education, university students, activity theory, DEMATEL

The acquisition of a BSc in EEE is a requirement for a successful career in engineering. However, not all students in Bangladesh have the opportunity to gain admission into degree programmes. The aim of this research is to report the challenges that the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering faced in attracting students to the BSc in EEE programme, as well as how they assessed and evaluated the students. The research was a case study conducted in the fall semester of 2020 during the period of online education due to the COVID-2019 pandemic. Various examination and assessment tools were used for the student performance evaluation. Some of the statistical parameters like average, maximum and median were used for the comparative analysis of the student performances on online quizzes, assignments and the obtained letter grades of the regular and evening programmes. It was found that in most of the cases evening programme students performed better in the same course. Keywords: Diploma in Engineering, evening programme, online teaching–learning, performance assessment and evaluation.

Scientific and practical examinations of pedagogues, educators and teachers are directed to finding the approach, methods and strategies which would motivate students and make them more active in the learning process. One of the ways to achieve this is flipped learning. This article aims to describe some characteristics of flipped learning, and also questions the pedagogic foundation, justification and limits of the usage possibilities and the potential challenges in the implementation of this model into the educational system. The research reports findings based on the trends in flipped learning. By replacing activities carried out in the classroom and at home, students are put into a new situation. A student independently realises the initial contact with the teaching content at home, whereas in the classroom, the activities (with the teacher and other students) that provide understanding and application of the learned are implemented. Keywords: Education, flipped learning, students, teacher, pedagogic.

The current study aimed at examining the relationship between anxiety level of Iranian elementary English as a foreign language learners and the strategies that they adopt for learning English vocabulary. To this end, based on the performance of the participants on the Quick Placement Test, the researcher recruited 100 participants through availability sampling. To determine the strategies that the participants employ for learning English vocabulary, Schmitt’s taxonomy of vocabulary learning (VL) strategies questionnaire was administered. Also, the Spearman correlation was run to determine the correlation between various levels of anxiety and different VL strategies. The findings of the current study indicated that the effects of anxiety can adversely affect a person’s use of VL strategies. Likewise, when there is an increase in anxiety, VL strategy use decreases to a significant extent. Keywords: Vocabulary learning, strategies, foreign language, classroom, anxiety scale.

Dear reader, It is our pleasure to announce the publication of Volume 11, Number 3 of the Contemporary Educational Researches Journal. This issue aims to present to our readers issues that are mostly neglected, but nevertheless have a significant influence on the content, context, and quality of education. Three papers were selected which truly reflect the aim of this research. The selected papers include the following: “Development of vocational education in Nigeria: The impact of corruption”; “Social justice issues in education and management of student development in Nigeria”; “Media literacy at the county councils of experts in Croatia: The perspective of senior advisors for primary education”. This issue met its goal and was viewed as a success. We would like to thank all our contributors for their dedication to enhancing this journal. Dear reader, enjoy!! Best regards, Assoc. Prof. Dr. Deniz Ozcan, Editor in Chief

Chemistry as a subject is seen by many students as an abstract and difficult lesson that bears no relationship to life. This study aimed to develop an ‘Anxiety Scale for Chemistry’, which is essential to setting an alternative for existing tools to determine anxiety for chemistry of students. This study has been carried out to develop a tool to measure the level of anxiety of students studying in the high schools in Turkey. The scale was developed as a result of the following processes: literature scan and creation of the item pool, taking expert opinions, item-total correlation, item distinctiveness features, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha internal consistency reliability, examination of correlation between sub-dimensions and confirmatory factor analysis. According to the results obtained, the scale is acceptably reliable for the research in social sciences. This study recommends that the Anxiety Scale for Chemistry should be administered to students of other fields also. Keywords: Anxiety, scale, chemistry, reliability, validity, factor analysis.

This study attempted to investigate social justice issues in the education and management of students’ development. This study seeks to find the relationship between equal opportunity to learning, provision of basic needs, teacher preparation of lesson and students’ development in Kwara State, Nigeria. To achieve this aim, the researcher conducted a descriptive research with a quantitative approach to test the hypotheses. A proportional sampling procedure was used to select participants from sample public senior secondary schools in Kwara State, Nigeria. A questionnaire was used to gather data which were analysed with the use of quantitative statistics tools. The outcomes show that there is no significant difference between equal opportunity to learning, provision of basic needs, teacher preparation and management of students’ development in Nigeria. The researcher recommended that educational managers should provide equal access to schooling for all learners irrespective of their age so as to encourage students to empathise with others and develop the skill of critical thinking. Keywords: Social justice, development, basic needs, management, Nigeria.

Language learners’ achievement relies to a great extent on what goes on inside the classroom. The teacher personality types (PTs) and their classroom management orientations (CMOs) play a critical role. The present study intended to explore Iranian English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ major PTs and CMOs. Sixty EFL teachers were chosen through the convenience sampling method from foreign language institutes in Isfahan, Iran. They were asked to complete two questionnaires including the Myers–Briggs type indicator and the Behaviour and Instructional Management Scale. Descriptive analysis and Fisher’s exact test were conducted to answer the research questions. The results showed that the extroverted–sensing–thinking–judging (ESTJ) type was the most frequent PT and the interactionalist approach was the major CMO among Iranian EFL teachers teaching at language institutes. The results enhance the understanding of EFL teachers and directors of language institutes on the PT as one crucial factor related to EFL teachers’ behaviour management approaches. Keywords: Classroom orientations, EFL, Iranian teachers, personality types, management orientations.

Dear readers, Thank you for showing interest in the publication of Volume 11, number 2 of the Contemporary Educational Researches Journal. The aim of this issue was to collate high standard articles that reflected methods of enhancing educational quality. Based on this aim, five high standard articles were selected after a thorough review process. The selected papers which represented topics from Canada, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Lebanon and North Cyprus included the following: “Determining the reasons for private schools preference and a case study in TRNC”; “Practices of online teaching, learning and assessment of the students of the BSc in EEE programme during the COVID-2019 pandemic”; “Impact of adding mindfulness practices to a bachelor of social work direct practice course”; “Professional Development of Mathematics Teacher: A Systematic Literature Review”; “The Role of Implementing KPIs to the Faculty Members in enhancing Higher Education Quality in Lebanon”. This issue was a success, and the aim of the publication was achieved. Thus, we would like to thank all our contributors for their devotion in making this journal excel. Dear reader, enjoy reading!! Best regards Assoc. Prof. Dr. Deniz Ozcan, Editor in Chief

The application of key performance indicators (KPIs) within institutions has proven to be difficult task. Until now, its effective implementation is considered one of the key determinants to the performance and success of a business. This research will explore the role of implementing KPIs for faculty members within higher education (HEI) in Lebanon. This study will seek to explore two key hypotheses (i) there is no statistically significant role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for faculty members in quality assurance in higher education in Lebanon and hypothesis and (ii) there is a statistically significant role of Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) for faculty members in quality assurance in higher education in Lebanon. Hypothesis (ii) will prove to be true with the results for hypothesis one showing to be incorrect. A total of 200 participants from across different higher education institutions within Lebanon will be involved within the study.

This study sought to determine whether mindfulness increased or decreased for Year 4 Bachelor of Social Work (BSW) students. Twenty-four participants received a brief mindfulness practice each week at the start of class and completed the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire in the first and last class. Results showed a decrease from pre-test to post-test on the non-reactivity to inner experience facet of the scale. In addition, in a post-test, those participants who came to the BSW programme from secondary school had an overall higher score than those participants who came to the programme from community college. Moreover, participants who had no prior practice in mindfulness and those who did not practice mindfulness during their practicum saw an increase in scores. These findings are discussed and recommendations for future research are offered. Keywords: Mindfulness, BSW students, practices, social work, course.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the reasons for choosing private schools in the education process according to the views of the parents of students studying in primary and secondary education institutions in TRNC. The effects of the physical conditions of the school, educational activities, artistic-sports-social and cultural activities, management and academic staff characteristics, communication processes and economic resources were examined. In the research, survey model, one of the descriptive research methods, was used. Parents of 7355 students studying at private schools in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, Primary Education and General Secondary Education constituted the research universe of this study. Parents of 242 students studying in Nicosia, Famagusta, Guzelyurt and Kyrenia constituted the sample group of this study. The unit of analysis in the research is the parents of the students. The Private School Preference Criteria questionnaire used in this study was developed by Pulat (2019). The scale consists of a total of 41 items. The data collected with the help of scales in the study were analyzed with the statistical methods "Correlation", "Regression", "Kruskal-Wallis H" and "Mann-Whitney U". The most important reasons for parents to enroll their children in private schools are their belief that they will receive a good education in English, their belief that they will receive a better education in general, and the availability of full-time education as working parents. Keywords: Private School, Parent, Parent Preference Attitudes, Primary School, Secondary School

Most of the educational institutions, from primary level to tertiary level, had to be closed when the coronavirus pandemic affected the world in 2020. Then, educators became concerned about the education of the students as they were completely relying and habituated on face-to-face teaching–learning processes. This paper reports on how the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering has faced that challenges in bringing the students to online classes as well as how they assessed and evaluated the students. A survey was conducted among the students who registered for the course with 14 survey questions. From the results, online classes are the best solution to the challenge; some students faced connectivity problems but it was concluded that the main purpose of teaching online is to continue the education process. Despite some challenges encountered, the teaching–learning process of the teachers and students was successful through this newly reformed system of education. Keywords: Online assessment, online class, online teaching, online learning, COVID-19.

Implementing effective professional development (PD) programs can help teachers in developing their knowledge and skills to enhance students learning in the classroom. However, professional development (PD) programs conducted been seen as less helpful for teachers in developing their potential in teaching mathematics. Therefore, a systematic literature review was undertaken to report on the programs of professional development (PD) for mathematics teachers. This review aimed to explore the professional development (PD) programs for mathematics teacher and teacher components of an effective professional development (PD) in the empirical studies. This systematic review utilized 40 research articles from 2015 to 2020 as data from which such data were obtained from databases such as Google Scholar, ERIC, and Springer. The findings show that the mathematics teacher professional development (PD) programs been used to give an impact on teacher attitudes and practices in terms of classroom teaching practices, student learning outcomes, and teacher knowledge and skills. In addition, teachers' factors for an effective professional development (PD) program can be classified into several parts: 1) motivation, 2) attitude, 3) commitment, and 4) self-efficacy. This study is essential to strengthening the competencies of mathematics teachers based on the best model of professional development in line with current educational needs.

This paper is a conceptual paper aimed at examining the effect of corruption on the development of vocational education in Nigeria. The paper reviews the relevant literature such as the concept, different levels, forms and origin of corruption. The concept of vocational education, the relationship between vocational education and corruption and the consequences of corruption on the development of vocational education in Nigeria are also examined. Some strategies for combating corruption and some of the efforts of the government to fight corruption were also looked at. In conclusion, a direct link between corruption and vocational education is established; some recommendations were suggested, which include that in order to reduce corruption, the government must have the political will to initiate and sustain the fight against corruption. Keywords: Corruption practices, education, vocational education, Nigeria, development.

The aim of this paper is to gain an insight into the professional development of Croatian primary education teachers when it comes to informing about media literacy at their County Councils of Experts (CCE) from the perspective of senior advisors for primary education. Five senior advisors were interviewed, and they pointed out that media literacy has sometimes been the topic at the councils, but they consider that it should be more often discussed. The results show that Croatian teachers mostly get information about the theoretical background and present examples of good practice. There are a lot of improvements which might be carried out to encourage media literacy. The results suggest anticipating greater importance to media literacy and the recognition of its importance by the Croatian authorities. Croatian primary education teachers are poorly informed about media literacy at their CCE. These results can be a starting point for further research. Keywords: Councils of experts, media literacy, primary teachers, senior advisors, professional development.

Dear reader, We are pleased to publish Volume 11, Number 1, of the Contemporary Educational Researches Journal. In addition to publishing high-quality articles, this issue strives to maintain our previous standard of excellence. Consequently, this issue aimed to present the various factors that influence the educational process such as the students, teaching and geographical location. With the aim in mind, four (4) articles were selected after a thorough peer review procedure. The selected topics include the following: “The creativity and character in Korea teacher education”; “Progressive computer test capabilities of the candidates proposed for the post of physical education teacher”; “Issues concerning Romanian demographic school population”; “Empowering business education students for decent work and productive employment: Nigeria example”. We would like to thank all our contributors for their involvement in this study. Dear reader, Enjoy reading!! Best regards Assoc. Prof. Dr. Deniz Ozcan, Editor in Chief.

The research aims to use progressive test capabilities to identify the capabilities of prospective teachers of Physical Education, who desire to work as teachers in schools of education in all categories. This research was conducted using a descriptive research method and a total sample consisted of 60 experts, including 10 academic experts from the Curriculum and Instruction Department, 10 directors of Physical Education, 10 managers of schools, 5 experts in computer and 25 graduate students. The survey used questionnaires in collecting data. The questionnaire which was designed by the researchers sought to test prospective physical education teacher’s performance with themes such as work under pressure, work amid distractions, speed of decision-making, power of observation, the level of intelligence, memory and concentration and synergies neuromuscular. The most important recommendations for the selection of prospective Physical Education teachers is to use the test proposed computer to learn about the capabilities of the candidates and the possibility of using the programme to develop the capacity of teachers. Keywords: Test capabilities, computerised test, test the capabilities of physical education teachers, teacher’s capabilities development.