| Ultrasonography is modern technique being utilized for management of reproductive efficiency of dairy cows all over the world. The ultrasound facility was not available in the study area due to which farmers were complaining about reproductive issues of their animals. Therefore, this study was conducted for assessment of reproductive health of cow genital tract using real time B mode Ultrasonography in order to improve the economics of the farmer through decreasing calving interval and improvement of fertility and conception rate. Out of total cows (n=261) observed, 79% of the cows were found positive for various reproductive disorders, whereas 21% of cows were found normal. Overall occurrence of reproductive disorders was higher (52%) in multiparous cows (4 th calver and above) followed by multiparous cows (2 nd and 3 rd calver) (26%) and the incidence was lowest (22%) in 1 st calvers. The incidence was higher in Friesian Cross bred cows (36%) followed by Sahiwal cows (25%), Jersy Cross bred (22%) and lowest in non-descript cows (17%). The incidence of acyclicity and repeat breeding was higher in Friesian Cross bred cows viz; 7.3 and 17% respectively whereas Cervicitis was higher in Sahiwal cows (10%). Endometritis, pyometra and cervicitis were treated with antibiotics like Co-Amoxiclav 4.8 gm and ceftriaxone 4gm Intravenous injections daily for three days along with (penicilin-streptomycin combination) 10 gram intrauterine. Pyometra and Hydrometra were first treated with Cyclomate to regress the Corpus luteum. In repeat breeding issues due to nymphomenia, follicular cysts, Luteal cysts, Buserelin 0.0105 mg/lecirelin 50µg and PGF2 α Analogue100µg Intramuscular (IM) were used. Further research on the efficacy of protocols that integrate ultrasonography with timed AI protocols for re-synchronzation of ovulation, differential management strategies for cows carrying twin fetuses conducted.

| The study aimed at determining the presence of the disease in camel slaughterhouses in Garissa County, through serological testing and pathological lesions that encountered at post mortem inspection of camel meat. Three sub-counties; Garissa Township, Dadaab and Balambale were purposefully recruited based on presence of camel slaughterhouses and accessibility. A hundred and sixty (160) camels were selected from 238 presented during the visits based on clinical manifestations suggestive of Brucellosis obtained upon ante-mortem examination and clinical history from owners. Sero-prevallance determination that involved the blood collection from the jugular and screening serum for attendance of Brucella antibodies using Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT), serum agglutination test, competitive- enzyme linked immune sorbent assay and double agar gel immunodiffusion test. The selected camels were followed into the slaughterhouse and pathological changes were identified grossly and microscopically based on alteration in organ and/tissue structure. The three main clinical signs that suggested brucellosis were lameness, swollen lymph nodes and abortion. Out of 160 samples tested, 15 (9.37%) were positive for Brucella antibodies and evenly distributed between counties; 8% (4/50) for Garissa Township; 10% (5/50) in Dadaab and 10% (6/60) in Balambale. Using chi-square ( χ 2), there was no statistically alteration in sensitivity among the four serological tests (p=0.999). Seventy-eight (48.7%) camels had one or more organs with lesions leading to condemnation at meat inspection. The common gross lesions encountered were fibrin depositions 3 (1.8%), enlargement of lung 2 (1.2%), pericarditis 38 (23.7%), and hepatomegaly with nodular liver lesions 79 (49.3%), enteritis 5 (3.1%), haemorrhages and congestion of visceral organs (lung and kidney) 6 (3.7%). Histopathology of sero-reactors revealed; cellular infiltration in lymph node 9 (5.6%), hypoplasia of lymphocytes 6 (3.7%), collapse of alveoli 5 (3.1%), oedema, congestion 4 (2.5%), fatty degeneration in liver 3 (1.8%) and haemorrhages in kidney1 (0.6%). In conclusion, brucellosis is prevalent in camel in Garissa County. Further extensive research should be done in the whole country. With respect to picking positive cases, RBPT is recommended as a screening test, since it is cheap, quick, and easy to carry-out. The other three can be used to establish respective antibody titres. The organs condemned at inspections are due to inflammatory processes that can be associated with brucellosis or other zoonotic diseases. Standard biosecurity measures at slaughterhouses and farms be enhanced the control and prevention of Brucella infection to animals and human.

| An exploratory survey was conducted in a top milk pocket area (Sirajganj) to investigate the clinical prevalence of Infectious and non-infectious diseases and disorders (IND) in ruminants throughout the year 2021 in Bangladesh. A total of 755 selected clinical cases were recorded, of which 450 were cattle and 305 were goats, respectively. The selected clinical cases were diagnosed through anamnesis, physical examination, clinical signs, gross pathology or postmortem examination, and clinical examination using common laboratory techniques. A total of 28 infectious and non-infectious diseases and disorders in ruminants were detected, whereas the pooled prevalence (PP) of the infectious disease group in cattle was 38.44%, (95% CI: 33-42) and in goats it was 34.43%, (95% CI: 29-39). Among them, FMD was recorded the highest prevalence at 5.78%, (95% CI: 3.8–8.4) and the lowest prevalence at 0.89%, (95% CI: 0.2-2.1) for Tetanus in cattle. The PP of metabolic disease was 13.33%, (95% CI: 10-16), 12.5%, (95% CI: 9-16) respectively for cattle and goat followed by reproductive diseases 17.11%, (95% CI: 13-20), 16.07%, (95% CI: 12-20). This epidemiological evidence showing the disease burden of cattle and goats in this region will be valuable and provide significant insight to prioritize research on diseases and develop effective prevention and treatment plans. It also serves as a baseline for ongoing epidemiology and prevalence research on diseases in this region.

| Heavy metals such as As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn are usually toxic for the aquatic ecosystem. Exposure of heavy metals in the aquatic organisms is linked to the retardation of growth, lesions in liver and damages in kidney. They are also causing infertility in animals. Chronic exposure and excessive concentrations are also deleterious for the normal physiological functions of human. Consumption of fishes contaminated with toxic metals are neurotoxic and carcinogenic to blood, lungs, kidneys, bones, liver and other vital organs of human. The present review outlines the contamination of aquatic environment with heavy metals and their contagious effects on aquatic animals and their public health concerns.

| Fasciolosis is a common parasitic disease affecting cattle and other ruminants, commonly sheep, and caused by Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica . The disease is cosmopolitan in distribution and can cause extensive economic losses to the farmers. A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of fasciolosis in commercial cattle farms of Tilottama Municipality, Rupandehi district, Nepal. A total of 270 fresh faecal samples were collected purposively from the study area with different ages, sex, stage, and breeds for examination (sedimentation method) to visualize eggs of Fasciola microscopically. The obtained data were coded and analysed using Microsoft Excel 2016. The overall prevalence of fasciolosis in cattle was found to be 15.56%. Age and sex-wise prevalence was found to be statistically significant (P0.05). Fasciolosis is prevalent moderately among cattle in Tillottoma municipality, which necessitates the study of detailed epidemiology of the disease and effective control strategies to prevent huge economic losses.

| Estrus synchronization refers to manipulating the estrous cycle or inducing heat in a vast number of females in a given time period. Ovulation can be controlled by interrupting or influencing the wave-like follicular growth pattern. Estrus synchronization is achieved by shortening or prolonging the luteal phase using prostaglandins or exogenous progestogens, respectively. The selection of protocol depends on the assessment of resources, including facilities, labor, experience, and budget. PGF2 α induces luteal regression followed by estrus and ovulation in cows when administered during the luteal period. Progestin suppresses the activity of the ovary and inhibits the dominant follicle maturation due to the suppression of both FSH and LH. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone or an analog is administered with PGF2 α to estrous- cyclic and noncyclic cattle disrupts the patterns of follicular growth, inducing ovulation on a large follicle. To select and successfully implement the estrus synchronization regime in animals’ proper knowledge of the hormonal profile and functional structure prevalent in ovaries in stages of estrus. Various protocols are available based on the hormone used, route of administration, requirements for heat detection, number of hormone injections, number of cattle handled, and injection time. Increased labor and upfront cost of hormone treatment, standard degree of supervision, and decent handling facilities are some of the drawbacks of this technique. Successful estrus synchronization necessitates optimum nutrition, a good body condition score, the best semen quality, general health, and an efficient estrus detection technique.

| The study was conducted in terms of knowing the growth performance of broilers supplemented with Ginger and kalojeera and their effect on hematological parameters (TEC, Hb, ESR, PCV, and DLC). A total of 100 day-old Cobb 500 commercial broiler chicks were randomly divided into five groups (T0, T1, T2, T3, T4) and each treatment contain 20 broilers to carry out the work. The average initial weight of the chicks in all experimental groups was about the same. Weekly observations were recorded for live body weight up to 35 days and blood parameters of birds at day 14th, 21th and 35th days. The result showed comparatively better live weight in T4 which is treated with Kalojeera and Ginger having a satisfactory feed conversion ratio (FCR) of 1.68. The better feed conversion ratio (FCR) value was recorded by chicks fed diet supplemented with antibiotics in T1. The hematological parameters TEC, ESR, and DLC value of treatment group shows a significant difference, while Hemoglobin estimation does not show a significant difference from the control group. It could be concluded that Kalojeera and Ginger could act as growth promoters and alternatives to antibiotics in broilers.

| Atresia ani with coli and recti has become a common problem of newborn calves. This clinical report is about the evaluation and survival after using of incisional cecostomy technique in a calf treated for intestinal atresia. A 2-day-old cross-bred bovine calf was brought to Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh having atresia coli with atresia ani et recti. Bypass surgery was performed using incisional cecostomy techniques. After 10 days post-surgical administration of antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, a good prognosis in the calf was noticed. After 1 month, a mild skin problem occurred which was minimized simultaneously.

| Broilers do not perform to their genetic potential in a stressful and diseased condition as concerned with poor bedding materials, high ammonia production from litter, and so on. The maximum ammonia production from litter depends on factors like moisture (%), pH, total nitrogen (%) of litter, and temperature of broiler houses. Carbonized Rice Husk (CRH) is a good poultry bedding material that consists of carbon and SiO 2 which interestingly enhance ammonia adsorption. Keeping the above fact, this study was conducted to reduce ammonia reducing immunosuppression that manages susceptibility of E. coli . When the maximum level of ammonia was produced i.e., on day 34, intra-nasal administration of E. coli of strain χ 7122 (serotype 078: K80:H9) at pathogenicity amount (9.4 x 10 5 cfu E. coli per bird) was done and morbidity and mortality rate was also recorded. The significantly minimum ammonia (ppm) was recorded in CRH (30.53±0.77); however, the maximum ammonia (ppm) was recorded in RH (49.78±0.42) with that compared to SD (33.42±0.25) and RS (43.22±0.56). Similarly, the mortality rate due to colisepticemia was recorded minimum in CRH (68.75%), however, the maximum was recorded in RH (86.25%) with that of compared to SD (70.00%) and RS (77.50%). It showed that CRH adsorbs ammonia produced in poultry houses reducing the immunosuppression managing susceptibility of E. coli . This proves CRH as the best poultry bedding material for the rearing of broiler chickens for better production.

| Poultry industry plays a pivotal role in poverty alleviation and the economic development of Bangladesh. However, poultry diseases are one of the most important limitations to the growth of the sustainable poultry industry in the country. Among these diseases, respiratory diseases are the foremost hazard to sustainable poultry production in Bangladesh. Avian influenza (AI), Newcastle disease (ND), infectious bronchitis (IB), infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT), Avian Metapneumovirus (AMPV), infectious coryza, fowl cholera and aspergillosis are the most prevalent respiratory diseases in Bangladesh. These diseases are most prevalent in layer, broiler, sonali and backyard chicken. AI outbreak is observed every year since its first report in 2007 in Bangladesh. This virus has mutated several times and thereby changed its genetic clades. The prevalence of ND is highest in October and in 0-3 months aged chickens. AMPV generally infects the upper respiratory tract of poultry, which has been isolated for the first time in Bangladesh in 2016. Alternatively, adult chickens are more susceptible to IB and ILT. The prevalence of mycoplasmosis and aspergillosis are higher during the winter season and are reported to occur due to poor management systems. Overall, respiratory diseases are most common in the country and outbreaks of such diseases appear frequently. Therefore, an integrated approach including strict biosecurity, good farming practices and proper vaccination should be taken into consideration for the prevention of these respiratory diseases to ensure sustainable poultry production in Bangladesh.

| A cross-sectional study was conducted to determine the seroprevalence and risk factors of Contagious Caprine Pleuropneumonia (CCPP) in the Rupandehi and Palpa districts of Nepal. A total of 89 goat serum samples were tested by using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) for the presence of antibodies against Mycoplasma capricolum capripneumoniae . Out of the total serum sample tested, 3 were seropositive for CCPP giving an overall apparent seroprevalence of 3.37% and true seroprevalence of 3.4%. Significantly higher seroprevalence (p<0.05) was observed among goats with a history of respiratory symptoms. This study revealed the goat population in Rupandehi (district bordering India) and Palpa districts are at high risk of acquiring CCPP infection. Therefore, appropriate preventive measures including regular research and investigation, vaccination and regulatory policies on transboundary animal movements should be implemented to prevent the potential outbreak of the disease. This is the first-ever report of sero-detection of CCPP antibodies in the goat population of Nepal. This article confirms the presence of CCPP in Nepal and the potential circulation of the pathogen to other parts of the country warranting the concerned authorities and farmers to be vigilant for keeping this disease at bay.

| The paucity of information on the occurrence of porcine leptospirosis in Kaduna State, Nigeria predicated this study. The research was conducted to isolate Leptospira species from pigs. The organisms were isolated using Ellinghausen-McCullough-Johnson-Harris (EMJH) enrichment and basal medium, and identified using dark field microscopy. A total of two hundred (200) blood samples and two hundred (200) urine samples each were collected from pigs in Kaduna state, Nigeria. A total of 9 (4.5%) of the cultured samples were positive for the Leptospira organisms and % isolation from blood sample was 7 (3.5%), while 2 (1%) came from urine samples. Our results demonstrated that the total prevalence of Leptospira organisms in pigs in these areas was 4.5%. Considering the economic and zoonotic significance of this organism, we recommend that proper handling of pork and associated by products, as well as occupationally predisposed personnel should be of great importance especially pig farmers and veterinarians. The findings of this study indicates the need for further research to illuminate predisposing factors, patterns of distribution and clinical manifestation of leptospirosis in porcine inhabitants in different regions in Nigeria.

| The present study was conducted in the slaughter area of the urban commune of Koudougou to determine the prevalence and socio-economic incidence of bovine tuberculosis. For this purpose, daily monitoring of cattle from various farms and slaughtered at the slaughter area was carried out from February to June 2019 during ante and post-mortem inspections. The results of the analysis of the data collected during these inspections revealed that 1,716 cattle of local breeds, consisting of 875 females and 841 males, were slaughtered and checked by the veterinary inspection officers. At post-mortem inspection, 30 cattle were found to have tuberculosis, giving an overall prevalence of 1.75%. This prevalence showed no significant difference (P ˃ 0.05) between breeds, sex, age and body score of the animals while it was significantly influenced (P= 0.0283) by the breeding origins of the inspected cattle. The seizures made were mainly partial seizures of lung organs (70.28%) followed by liver (17.57%), kidneys (8.10%) and heads (4.05%). Following the inspection of all the animals during the study period, the urban commune of Koudougou received a total of 1,029,600 CFA francs in slaughter fees. In addition to the considerable losses in animal protein, the financial losses linked to the seizure of organs affected by tuberculosis were evaluated at 206,949.968 CFA francs for butchers without any compensation during the same period. The study shows that tuberculosis exists in the cattle population of the urban commune of Koudougou, and that these animals must therefore be properly inspected to protect human health.

| Nematodiasis and cestodiasis perpetrate serious health and welfare challenges on horses. In countries such as Nigeria, where control of these endoparasites relies on periodic use of anthelminthics, epidemiological evaluations are necessary for deploying meaningful intervention strategies. Such investigations are lacking in the region; hence, the occurrence, risk-factors and nature of cestodiasis and nematodiasis of horses at Obollo-Afor southeastern Nigeria were investigated. Horses billed for slaughter were randomly selected (N = 304) for sampling. About 5grams of faeces and 2ml of blood were collected from each horse into labeled containers for faecal floatation test and haematocrit determination. Gender and body condition scores (BCS) of horses were noted, while age groups and body weight were estimated by dentition and normogram methods respectively. The results showed that 89.9% [confidence interval (CI) 86.4%, 93.4%] of the horses harboured gastrointestinal endoparasites including strongyles (81.3%), Parascaris equorum (8.2%), Oxyuris equi (21.1%), Strongyloides westeri (13.5%), Anoplocephala spp. (10.2%) Paranoplocephala mamillana (3.6%). Polyparasitism was prevalent (43.4%, CI 37.8%, 49.0%). Associations existing between age groups or gender, and the presence of endoparasites were only random. Presence of endoparasite and BCS showed significant ( p < 0.05) associations. Horses infected with endoparasites had similar haematocrit values but significantly lower mean body weights when compared to uninfected horses. The study gives the identities and prevalence rates of nematodes and cestodes affecting the horse population. Strongyliasis occured in epidemic proportion within the horse population in the area. This underscores the need for review of extant treatment and control programs.

| Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD ) is an economically important transboundary viral disease of livestock belonging to the genus Capripoxvirus was reported which was said to have originated from Zambia in Africa. LSD can be transmitted by both the vector and non-vector routes and is mainly seen in the rainy season. It mainly affects cattle and buffalo manifesting nodules in skin and mucous membrane with a high fever. Since the first report of this disease from the Morang district of Nepal in 2020, the disease has been spreading in various parts of the country. Cattle are comparatively more affected in Nepal than buffalo. Though this disease has less mortality rate it causes great economic losses by decreasing milk production, abortion, infertility, and other complication. The disease is comparatively new to Nepal but has already covered a wide geographical range but vaccination is yet to be introduced. The disease doesn’t have any specific treatment only treatment after infection is supportive therapy but it is reported that control and prevention are possible by immunization, maintaining biosecurity in the herd, controlling the vector, and isolating the infected animals.

| In this study, the molecular identification of the three Mediterranean Spicara species was investigated by using the 16S rRNA gene for confirmation of the taxonomic status and also identify incorrectly classified sequences on the GenBank database. The results of the haplotype network and phylogenetic trees show three distinct Spicara haplotypes/haplogroups, corresponding to three different species. Additionally, the number of mutations and high values of sequence divergences were useful in differentiating the three different Spicara .

| A mildly dehydrated dog was presented at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Paklihawa Campus, Tribhuvan University with symptoms of urinary inconsistency, haematuria, and inappetence. Radiography and ultrasonography revealed the presence of calculus in the urinary bladder. Cystolithotomy was performed and the dog responded to the intervention and recovered uneventfully.

| Fishes are very rich source of animal proteins. The soft tissues of fish and aquatic environment are extremely susceptible to microbial contamination. In this research a total of 79 samples were collected from different local market. In which 54 samples were from dried fish and 25 from cooked fish samples. In this research there were 18 different types of dried fish and 6 types of cooked fish were used as a sample. Laboratory work was done by different bacteriological laboratory methods and purified isolates were identified according to gram’s staining reaction, colony morphology, cultural characteristics, biochemical and antibiotic susceptibility test. All most 100% dried and 20% cooked fish sample were contaminated. In this study seven different species and 168 isolates were identified from dried fish and these were Escherichia coli 21.43% (36) , Vibrio spp. 18.45% (31), Staphylococcus spp.17.86% (30), Pseudomonas spp.17.86% (30), Salmonella spp.12.5% (21), Shigella spp. 8.93% (15) and Klebsiella spp. 2.97% (5). In cooked fish 9 isolates were identified and species were Escherichia coli 66.66% (6) and Shigella spp. 33.34% (3). Total viable count varies from 1.28×10 7 CFU/g to 3.74×10 9 CFU/g. The highest concentration was found in Loitta fish and lowest in Ruhi from dried fish. Most species of bacteria isolated were resistant to amoxicillin, penicillin-g, kanamycin, azithromycin, cefuroxime sodium, cephalexin, nalidixic acid, cephradine and erythromycin. The isolates were found to be of medical im­portance. Hence it is considered that a variety of bacterial species can be associated with dried fish related pathogen to animal and humans.

| A cross-sectional study was conducted from June to October 2021 with the objectives to perform an animal welfare assessment and to gain adequate knowledge of the management of working donkeys in Somalia. Both di­rect observational (animal-based) and indirect (owner-based) interviews were used to collect the data. A total of 350 randomly selected working donkeys were examined and 350 donkey owners were interviewed. Of these 56.9%, 24.3%, 18.9%, 79.7%, 65.4%, and 38.3%, 8.9% of donkeys were suffering from behavioral problems such as depression, digestive problems, respiratory problems, improper harnessing, ocular, hoof overgrowth and fracture, respectively. Additionally, 40.6% of the examined donkeys had varying degrees of lameness. 54.6% of the examined donkeys, were with either healed or active wounds (skin lesions), 17.4% scars, and 28.0% both skin lesions and scars. Moreover, dermatological diseases were also encountered, habronemiasis 59.1%, ectoparasite 35.7%, Sarcoid 5.1%. Results that were obtained from the indirect assessment of donkeys’ welfare indicated that most donkey owners in the region have little or no knowledge and information on donkey’s welfare matters. Limitation of taking sick donkeys to veterinary clinics 2.0% abandon of donkeys af ter stopped working 96.6%, la ck trimming hooves of donkeys 78.9%, and beating of donkeys 79.7%. Donkeys are beneficial to most owners, interventions should be put in place to improve their welfare and further studies were done on the best ways to improve the welfare issues faced by these working animals.

| A 5-year-old intact male German Shepherd dog, weighing 26 kg, with a poor body condition score (2/5) was presented at SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh. The primary complaint of the owner was non-weight bearing lameness of the right forelimb of the dog due to accidental trauma. Physical examination revealed the dog was active and alert but non-weight-bearing posture of right forelimb. On palpation of the affected limb, pain and crepitation of right elbow joint particularly in olecranon were observed. A mediolateral radiograph of right elbow showed complete transverse fracture of olecranon which extended to articular surface of trochlear notch and also found apophyseal fracture of olecranon. An open reduction internal fixation (ORIF) technique was performed to repair the olecranon fracture using two Kirschner wires and tension band wire, and immediate radiographs were taken to confirm the position of implants. On 30 th day of post-surgical observation, mediolateral radiograph revealed migration of implants but callus formation was observed between the fracture ends of olecranon in order that the implants were removed. On 45 th day of clinical observation, the dog showed good weight-bearing in right forelimb and walked normally.

| The pathological status of fascioliasis in cattle in Dinajpur city of Bangladesh was carried out from January to June, 2020 by clinical signs, pathological and coprological examinations. A total of 75 cattle (27 male and 48 female) were recorded as the study population. Seven cattle were found with pathological conditions. There was engorgement of bile duct with fibrosis and the percentage of fibrosis of fascioliasis was 10.6%. While 17.3% roughened and thick capsule with whitish or reddish discoloration throughout the capsule. Gross lesions of fascioliasis found in the liver were increase in the size of the organ were 14.6%. The infected bile ducts were also filled with blackish brown exudates giving the pipe stem appearance of the liver was noticed 13.3%. In histopathological study of acute Fascioliasis, there was lot of hepatocytic alterations like swelling of individual hepatocytes by increase in size and characterized by opaque cytoplasm. Sometime there was fatty change in which clear vacuoles appeared in the cytoplasm with peripherally located nuclei. Microscopically, depending on the duration and intensity of the infection, various changes were observed in the structures of fasciola infected cattle liver. Gross lesions of fascioliasis found in the liver were increase in the size of the organ and also there was engorgement of bile the duct with fibrosis. The infected bile ducts were also filled with blackish brown exudates giving the pipe stem appearance of the liver was noticed. In sometimes, there was roughened and thick capsule with whitish or reddish throughout the capsule.

| The present study was conducted to investigate the incidence of gastrointestinal parasitic diseases in cattle that were sick and brought to veterinary hospitals for treatment. Fecal samples were collected from the rectum and examined by direct smear method and helminths identified by the presence of characteristic eggs in the feces. This study was carried out with three age groups: calves (3 years) and three different consecutive seasons (winter, summer, and rainy) during the periods of January 2018 to December 2018. The highest incidence was found in infestation with Fasciola spp. (43.63%) followed by Toxocara spp. (35.75%) and Haemonchus spp. (7.87 %). The rainy season showed the highest degree of parasitic occurrence (45.55%) compared to summer (32.12%) and winter (22.42%) seasons. A higher incidence of Fasciola spp. (46.66%) was found in the rainy season whereas Toxocara spp. (45.94%) in winter and Haemonchus spp. (15.09%) in summer. The percentages of Fasciola spp. (57.14%) infection was more in adult cattle while Toxocara spp. (68.88%) were predominant in calves. A higher percentage of infection was recorded in females than in males. The results of the study provide an epidemiological forecast in the distribution of gastrointestinal parasitism in different age groups of cattle and seasonal variation of occurrence which can assist the clinicians for the diagnosis of such parasitic infections and necessary steps for prevention and control measures against them.

| Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most important food borne pathogens. Since the start of the 21st century C. jejuni is the leading cause for food borne enteritis. Another point of attention is the change in the antimicrobial resistance of this microorganism towards some critical antimicrobials used in the human and veterinary medicine. In this study samples were taken from three points in the broiler meat production (farm, slaughter line and cold storage of the meat before shipping to the market). A total of 283 samples (cloacal swabs, caeca and carcass swabs) were analyzed for the presence of C. jejuni. The isolates of C. jejuni were confirmed with the conventional microbiological method and with the use of multiplex PCR method. Both methods confirmed the overall prevalence of C. jejuni of 39.2%. In the second part of the study 108 confirmed isolates of C. jejuni were analyzed for the presence of resistance genes (CmeB, Blaoxa-61, tet(O), aph-3-1 and aadE). The analysis in the third part of the study was concentrated on the antimicrobial resistance of the C. jejuni isolates towards three important antimicrobials (ciprofloxacin, erythromycin and tetracycline). The PCR method used revealed highest prevalence for Blaoxa-61 (25%), followed by CmeB and tet(O) genes (19.4%) and aadE with 13.9%. The aph-3-1 gene was not detected in none of the C. jejuni isolates. C. jejuni isolates in this study showed the highest resistance towards ciprofloxacin (63%) and tetracycline (50%) while the resistance towards erythromycin was very low (5.6%).

| The study was conducted investigate the prvalence of surgical affections in calves and also to assess the influence of season in the affections in the Upazila Veterinary Hospitals of Fulbaria, Muktagacha, and Trishal of Mymensingh district of Bangladesh. Prevalences of surgical affections in calves from 2010 to 2019 were recorded from the register book of each veterinary hospital. A total of 2165 calves were recorded as general patients in those Upazila Veterinary Hospitals. Surgical affections were arranged based on sex, breed, and seasons. Similar distribution pattern was observed in all three Upazila. Most common surgical affections in calves were atresia ani, 30.82%, 32.64% and 31.75% followed by umbilical hernia 19.45%, 17.78% and 17.62%, navel ill 15.75%, 15.79% and 16.08%, umbilical abscess 14.38%, 15.28% and 14.27%, fracture 9.59%, 8.61% and 10.49%, myiasis 5.21%, 4.86% and 5.03%, dermoid cyst 2.47%, 2.78% and 2.66%, and knuckling of limb 2.33%, 2.36% and 2.10% in Fulbaria, Muktagacha, and Trishal Veterinary Hospitals, respectively. Different environmental factors and seasons influenced the prevalence of surgical affections. Heavy rainfall and high humidity have made this region a vulnerable place for the prevalence of surgical affections in calves. This study has correlated between different variables and the prevalence of surgical affections in Mymensingh district. Variables like sex, breed and season have found to be influenced the abundance of surgical diseases in the study area. The outcome of this study will add to the existing knowledge on the effects of biological and environmental variables on the prevalence of bovine surgical affections in Mymensingh and its surrounding localities.

| The study was conducted at Kishoreganj, Bangladesh to evaluate the productive and reproductive performance of Sahiwal × Local (SL× L), Friesian × Local (F×L), Sindhi× Local (S×L) crossbred during the period of July 2019 to January 2020. A total of 162 crossbred dairy cows under 3 genotypes were studied on the basis of productive and reproductive performances. The average age of puberty of L×F, L×SL and L×S crossbred cattle were 23.7, 26.5 and 29.5 months, respectively. The average age at first fertile service for L×F, L×SL and L×S crossbreds’ cattle were 24.2, 27.0 and 31.0 months, respectively. The highest gestation length was 285 days and it was for L×S crossbred cattle. The lowest gestation length was 273 days and it was for L×F crossbred cattle. The highest lactation length was observed in case of L×F crossbred (300 days) and lowest was found in case of L×S crossbred (220 days). The highest number of services per conception was 1.66 and it was for L×SL crossbred cattle. The lowest number of services per conception was 1.61 and it was for L×F crossbred cattle. The average post-partum heat period of L×F, L×SL and L×S crossbreds were 114, 125 and 127days, respectively. The highest Post-Partum Heat Period (PPHP) was 127 days found in case of L×S crossbred cows. The lowest PPHP was found in case of L×F crossbred cows (114 days). The overall productive and reproductive performance of different crossbred were varied. Judging from the overall analysis of the results, it may be concluded that production and reproduction performances of Holstein crossbred are superior to other dairy crossbred in Kishoreganj, Bangladesh.

| An adult Jamunapari doe of two years age was presented at SAQ Teaching Veterinary Hospital, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Bangladesh with a history of teat injury due to barbed wire while grazing. A deep longitudinal infected teat laceration was noticed. Milk was still coming through fibrosed teat cannel. The lacerated part was sutured after scarification under sedation and regional anesthesia. A small portion of saline tube was inserted into the teat cannel to maintain the flow of milk and prevent adhesion during healing. Muscle and skin were closed by interrupted and continuous sutures respectively. The animal recovered without any complications three weeks post-operatively.

| Cervical mucus is a biological environment that affects sperm survival and determines the ability of cows to become pregnant. Insemination based on cervical mucus characteristics may increase pregnancy rate. Therefore, this study’s aim is to evaluate the extent to which the scores specific to the changes in physical properties of cervical mucus predict the probability of conception at insemination time. Cervical mucus in 36 clinically healthy Holstein cows was evaluated scoring system based on the five variables (colour, viscosity, spinnbarkeit, ferning and pH) describing appearance and characteristics of cervical mucus collected. Each parameter was graded from 0 to 3. Comparison of cervical mucus score including all parameters demonstrated a significant (P < 0.0001) increase between conceived cows’ mean score (13.47) and non-conceived cows’ mean score (10.59). All parameters of the cervical mucus score for non-conceived cows were reduced, with the change in viscosity (P < 0.05), spinnbarkeit (P < 0.01) and fern pattern (P < 0.01) being a significant. The highest conception rate was achieved in score 3 for all parameters of the cervical mucus. No significant difference (p=0.1) was found in the mean pH score of their cervical mucus at the time of artificial insemination from pregnant and non-pregnant cows. In our study, mucus colour, viscosity, and ferning properties were found to be the important factors, which establish the fitness of cervical mucus for the occurrence of pregnancy in cows.

| This study was designed to sample the fecal Resistome of Pigs from a small-scale Piggery in Ibadan, South-West Nigeria. Three fecal pellets were randomly picked from the floor of unit pens containing a minimum of three pigs per unit in selected piggery in Ibadan, Nigeria. The samples were pooled and resuspended in phosphate buffered saline. The suspension was then subjected to nucleic acid extraction, cDNA synthesis and Illumina sequencing. Antibiotic Resistance Genes (ARGs) in the raw reads were determined and assembled using the Kmer Resistance tool v2.2. From the 2,974,257 reads generated, 21 ARGs with statistically significant reads were identified. Almost all targeted broad-spectrum antibiotics with over 50% targeting Tetracyclines. Five (ant(6)-Ia_3, tet(40)_1, tet(Q)_1, tet(W)_5 and tet(O/W)_4) of the ARGs were predicted to be plasmid-borne. Our findings show that the Swine industry in the region might be both a mixing pot and reservoir of ARGs. It is therefore crucial that effort is made to educate the stakeholders on the importance of good antibiotics stewardship.

| Somatic cells (SCs) are significant to both susceptibility and resistance of dairy cows to intramammary infections. It is used as an authentic tool for dairy farm operations in order to improve the milk quality. Broadly dimension of SCs of milk well represents the comfort and welfare of dairy cows and helps deciding efficient mastitis control strategies. Again, the safety margin evaluated though SCs ensures safe and healthy milk at consumer level devoid of bacterial presence in milk. This review highlights a brief overview of the importance and demand of estimating somatic cell count (SCC) and its effects on milk quality and human health.

| Administration of peptide drugs like insulin through the oral avenue specially the gastro-intestinal tract represents the great challenges. Polymeric nanoparticles are suitable colloidal carriers for insulin delivery. The current study was carried out to evaluate nanoparticle tactics for the oral delivery of insulin in the alloxan-induced hyperglycemia in rat model. Twenty male rats of age four months were randomly allocated into four different groups (T0, T1, T2, and T3). After acclimatization diabetes was induced in three groups of rats (T1; positive control, T2: insulin only insulin, and T3; insulin with nano particles) by administered alloxan injection at dose of 120mg/kg body weight intraperitoneally. Group T0 was kept for negative control while T1 was kept positive control. T2 were considered as insulin treated group at 21IU/kg and T3 as insulin with nano particles of same dose as insulin. Over the sequence of the experimental trials, observations were noted for blood glucose level, glycosylated hemoglobin, and body weight. Blood glucose levels were increased significantly (P<0.05) in all treated groups compared to the negative control group. Similarly, bodyweight was decreased significantly (P<0.05) in all alloxan treated groups compared to negative control. There was significant falling in blood glucose level in insulin with nanoparticle treated group (T3) compared to only insulin treated group (T2) and (T1) that was received alloxan. The present study shows that insulin administration of oral route with nanoparticles was significantly decrease blood glucose levels and increase body weight. Hence, it can be concluded that oral insulin supplementation with nano particles may have significant effect on hyperglycemic controls.

| A cross-sectional study using random sampling was conducted from May to September 2020 in Benadir region of Somalia, to determine the knowledge, attitude, and practices of population towards Brucellosis. In this study, a total of 120 participants share their knowledge, attitude, and practices towards Brucellosis. Their knowledge regarding causative agent was 37.5% (n=45) and the disease was 45% (n=54), while transmission of animal to human was 43.33% (n=52). The majority of participants would take actions to ensure the animal is healthy when they buy 95% (n=114), all participants would like to receive more information about the disease and majority of participants have good practices when they handling the domesticated animals and their secretions 96.66% (n=116). Populations who are connected with livestock management or eating livestock products are frequently aware of the disease brucellosis. Though, they do not have as considerable knowledge, what is required to help in control it. Veterinarians, health care workers and respective government bodies must take action to increase the level of awareness and considerate by providing programs or any other technique that can be helpful.

| Bluetongue is an infectious viral disease that is endemic in the domestic livestock populations of all tropical and subtropical countries. BT was first reported in Iran in 1972, however until now there is the absence of comprehensive information on the BT status in Iran. We aimed to present the seroprevalence on BT in farm animals of Iran based-on a meta-analysis study. The meta-analysis study was conducted in national and international databases to find articles which evaluated bluetongue seroprevalence by antibody-captured ELISA test in livestock in Iran by searching terms including bluetongue, sheep, ovine, goat, caprine, cow, cattle, bovine, buffalo, camel, Iran and prevalence alone or in combination in both English and Farsi language. After reviewing 82 published articles, a total of 48 studies from 29 articles were eligible to be included in this meta-analysis study. The total seroprevalence of bluetongue in apparently healthy sheep, goat, cow and camel at animal level based on ELISA test was 50.4% (95% CI= 43.5–57.2), 79.2% (95% CI= 70.7–85.8), 3.3% (95% CI= 0.6–15.0) and 44.8% (95% CI= 20.8–71.5), respectively. The estimated pooled odds ratios between abortion history and bluetongue infection estimated among sheep (OR=1.75, 95 % CI= 0.84 to 3.68) and goat (OR=2.93, 95 % CI= 1.26 to 6.80). A well-defined control strategy for preventing and controlling BTV spread in Iran should be based on further studies on BT epidemiology and BTV serotypes, vector control, animal movement restrictions and vaccination program to reduce.

| The research has been conducted to determine the changes in haematological and serum biochemical attributes in calves affected with navel ill. Peripheral blood was collected from affected and healthy calves, and serum was separated for biochemical evaluation. In term of haematological profile, Hb and TEC were decreased whereas PCV and TLC were elevated compared to healthy calves. Some leading enzymes such as ALT, AST, ALP, LDH, CK were elevated in affected calves than their healthy counterparts. Creatinine, BUN, LDL, HDL, cholesterol and triglyceride were also elevated remarkably. Mild alterations of electrolytes such as Na+, K+, Cl- and Ca+2 were also observed. The results demonstrated that navel ill may compromise vital organs which should be promptly treated once diagnosed. To prevent infection, navel area should be dipped with mild antiseptic and monitored regularly.

| The influence of electrical stimulation to enhance meat excellence and efficacy of meat processing is discussed. Mechanism involved in it is to increase the rate of postmortem glycolysis resulting in somatic, biological and on tissue level alterations. Electrical stimulation fastens the propagation and termination of rigor mortis hence decreasing the processing time and fatigue. After electrical stimulation, the muscles become paralyzed and the rigor mortis is dispatched to reduce the time spent in the muscle and his fatigue. It is also found to enhance meat tenderness and to boost meat sensory attributes. But it may also have adverse effects on some meat quality characteristics like holding capacity of water and other one is color. To get the desirable effects from electrical stimulation, it should adequately along with other methods. In spite of a wide exploration and study on electrical stimulation, the fact that it has been explored and investigated thoroughly in a number of countries around the world. It is currently applied properly on commercial scale in few countries. It has different impact on different type of muscles, so basic know how of changes occurring when it is applied to different kind of muscles should be known to get maximum benefits from this technology.

| Canine parvovirus (CPV) enteritis is a highly contagious, virulent, acute, and fatal gastrointestinal viral disease that fundamentally transforms the pups and collapses the body’s posthaste branching organs, such as bone marrow, lymph node, and the flimsy cell of the intestine, causing bloody diarrhea amidst a high mortality and morbidity rate. CPV is distributed in the family Parvoviridae beneath the subfamily Parvovirinae that pertains to the genus Protoparvoviorus with a high genomic replacement unlike other DNA virus; the organism is primarily segmented into three forms acknowledged as (CPV-2a, CPV-2b, and CPV-2c), which resembles to be liable for the infection’s statewide spread. For transmission, the fecal-oral pathway is deemed the most obvious route than other permissible routes. Moreover, spreading through contact interactions, environmental pollutants, and the host reservoir, like a stray dog, could be feasible. Distressingly, such a pathogen is currently endemic in Asian nations, including India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and China. Thus, the literature review encompassed comprehensive knowledge concerning contemporary disease occurrence with causes and transmission imperative for management practice. Besides, the study converged on afresh advanced treatment procedures, vaccine progressions, and public awareness efforts, which can be a baseline for the policymaker, veterinarians and pet owner to limit further outbreaks.

| A cross-sectional study of camel mastitis was conducted on 150 lactating camels from July to December 2019 to figure out the prevalence of both clinical and subclinical mastitis in lactating camels in the Benadir Region of Somalia and also to recognize the associated microorganisms as causal agents of mastitis. The prevalence of this study was measured by using California mastitis test (CMT). Milk samples were collected from the Deyniile District, Benadir Region of Somalia. The overall prevalence of mastitis was 16.66% (7.93% on the quarter basis), the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was found to be 22.78% and 9.85% on the animal basis and 9.37% and 6.15% on quarter basis, respectively. The hind quarters were more frequently affected than the fore-quarters. The bacteriological inspection of milk samples revealed that Staphylococcus spp. was the primary etiological agent in both clinical and subclinical mastitis in camels (38.88%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (18.51%), Enterobacterium spp. (14.81%), Corynebacterium spp. (14.81%), Micrococcus spp. (5.55%), Pasteurella spp. (5.55%) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (1.85%). The prevalence of camel mastitis in the study area was significantly low this might be because of the environmental factors as well as the hygienic managements of the farms. Therefore, implementation of integrated approaches has great importance in the study sites for the avoidance and management of mastitis hence minimizing economic loss and prevents significant public health risks.

| The effects with two different types of diluent (commercial Triladyl® and home-made tris based) and number of frozen-thawed ram sperm (100 × 106 and 50 × 106 sperm dose) on pregnancy and lambing rate following laparoscopic artificial insemination (LAP-AI) in indigenous ewes in Bangladesh were studied. A total of 78 non- pregnant ewes were synchronized for oestrus with two doses of 100 μg PGF2α (Cloprostenol) 9 days apart. The ewes were randomly assigned to one of four groups; G1 (n = 18; commercial Triladyl®/ 100 × 106 sperm), G2 (n = 21; commercial Triladyl®/ 50 × 106 sperm), G3 (n = 20; home-made tris based/ 100 × 106 sperm) and G4 (n = 19; home-made tris based/ 50 × 106 sperm). Ewes were inseminated within 18 h to 22 h after the onset of oestrus. The non-return rate (83.3%) and pregnancy rate (72.2%) were highest with commercial Triladyl®/ 100 × 106 sperm compared to other groups. The mean gestation period ranged from 149.50 ± 3.50 days to 153.75 ± 1.03 days. The lambing rate (100%) was highest with home-made tris based/ 50 × 106 sperm compared to other groups. The multiple birth rate was highest (66.7%) with commercial Triladyl®/ 100 × 106 sperm, home-made tris based/ 50 × 106 sperm compared to other groups. The multiple birth rate ranged from 61.5% to 66.7%. The single, twin and triplet lambing was higher 38.5%, 58.3% and 18.2% with commercial Triladyl®/ 50×106 sperm, home-made tris based/ 50 × 106 sperm and home-made tris based/ 100 × 106 sperm, respectively. The lambing size ranged from 1.69 ± 0.17 to 1.82 ± 0.20. In conclusion, the home-made tris based diluent and 100 × 106 sperm dose would be the most practical method for achieving high pregnancy and lambing rate following LAP-AI in Bangladeshi ewes.

| The present study evaluated the seasonal differences in ovarian follicular dynamics in Gaddi goats. Transrectal ultrasonographic ovarian examinations were carried out during a full estrous cycle in breeding (B; January-February, n=7) and 21 days in non-breeding (NB; May-June, n=11) seasons. Blood sampling on alternate days was done during both the seasons for serum progesterone (P4) estimations. Follicular growth was characterized by presence of three to five numbers of follicular waves in both seasons. Significantly higher (P<0.01) number of follicular waves (4.0±0.21 versus 3.18±0.12), number of follicles at wave emergence during second (2.85±0.26 versus 1.77±0.14; P<0.01) and third wave (2.57±0.2 versus 2.0±0.16; P<0.05), along with shorter persistence of dominant follicle (DF, 9.25±0.45 versus 12.02±0.44, P<0.001) and early attainment of DF during first three waves was observed during B compared to the NB season. Whereas, significantly higher maximum diameter of DF (7.66±0.10 versus 7.11±0.14 mm, P<0.05) and longer Inter wave interval (IWI) between 2nd and 3rd wave (5.81±0.46 versus 4.28±0.28 days) were observed during NB season. Average mean P4 concentration was 0.30±0.04 ng/ml throughout the period of observation during NB whereas, peak P4 concentration of 11.89±1.55 ng/ml was observed at Day 14 of estrous cycle during B season. Significant difference between average daily counts of small, medium along with daily total number of visible follicles were observed during B season. In conclusion, ovarian follicular growth in Gaddi goats during B and NB season is characterized by wave like pattern and exhibited the seasonal differences.

| Quail farming becoming more popular day by day in Bangladesh. Gastrointestinal nematodiasis is an important cause of loss of quail production. Our study report is an attempt to find out the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodiasis in quail in Bangladesh. A total of 200 fecal samples were collected from quail farms from various regions of Bangladesh. The fecal samples analyzed by direct smear methods and nematodes identified by the presence of characteristic eggs in the feces. Five types of nematode eggs found on different farms. The overall prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodiasis were (17.5%), which could consider relatively higher. The highest rate of infection found for Heterakis gallinarum (7%) and the lowest rate of infection found for Trichuris spp. (1.5%). A significant difference in nematodiasis in different farms has not observed (p > 0.05). These findings help to undertake preventive measures for controlling gastrointestinal nematodiasis in quail farms in Bangladesh. Further studies should undertake for diagnosing other types of parasitic diseases in quails in Bangladesh.

| Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious eruptive viral disease of cattle, caused by LSD virus (LSDV) under the family Poxviridae and transmitted by direct contact or through biological vectors such as mosquitoes, flies and ticks. Sporadic cases of LSD have been observed in cattle elsewhere. The aim of the present study was undertaken to evaluate the present scenario of LSD and its clinical management at different house-holds at south-west region of Bangladesh. A structured questionnaire was developed and data were collected from the two upazila (Monirampur and Abhaynagar) at Jessore district. A total of 52 small house-holds and 183 cattle were observed the study period from 15 June to 15 August 2019. LSD was diagnosed on the basis of present clinical signs guided by the OIE manual. All data were analyzed by Epi Info 7 and SPSS statistical software. Analyzed data revealed that young female cattle were mostly susceptible to this disease. Poor intra-herd hygienic conditions and managemental practices could aggravate the disease manifestation. Contrarily, no significant difference was observed in between good and medium quality intra-herd level hygienic environments. Five different treatment protocols were applied for recovery of the affected cows; where no significant differences were estimated among the treatment protocol in contrast to recovery from LSD. However, dexamethasone, chlorpheniramine maleate, combination of oxytetracycline and meloxicam showed apparently good results. Interestingly, most of the household in this study area never used mosquito curtains at their cattle house at the night. From this data, it was concluded that LSD affects both sex of animals and young female are most susceptible. Poor intra-herd hygienic conditions and managemental practices could act as a cofactor for disease occurrence. Further researches are needed to find out better clinical management of LSD, identification of risk factor and molecular characteristics of this disease in Bangladesh.

Molecular Detection of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from a Clinical Case of Myiasis Wound

Comparative-Reproductive-Traits-among-three-Plumage-Varieties-of-Noiler-Cocks

Prevalence and Risk Factors Analysis of Bovine Foot Diseases in Certain Milk Pocket Areas of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh

Monitoring of Antioxidant Vitamins Concentrations in Some Ovine Diseases

| The anatomical variations of the extrahepatic ramifications of the portal vein were analysed. The portal vein gives off the gastroduodenal, splenic and cranial mesenteric veins. The splenic vein continues as the left gastric vein. The right ruminal and reticular veins originate from the splenic vein. The epiploic branch originates either for the splenic or right ruminal veins. The left ruminal vein originates either from the splenic or left gastric veins. The accessory reticular and left gastroepiploic veins originate from the left gastric vein. The cranial pancreaticoduodenal, right gastric and right gastroepiploic veins detach from the gastroduodenal vein. The caudal duodenal or caudal pancreaticoduodenal, jejunal, ileal, ileocolic and caudal mesenteric veins originate from the cranial mesenteric vein. The caecal vein is considered as either as a branch of the ileocolic vein or as its direct continuation. The middle colic vein arises from either the cranial mesenteric vein, the caudal mesenteric vein or the right colic vein. The left colic and cranial rectal veins are considered branches from the caudal mesenteric vein or as its direct continuations. The sigmoid veins arise from either the left colic vein or the caudal mesenteric vein.

Caprine Semen Cryopreservation and the Factors Affecting it: An Overview

| The objective of this study is to determine the rate of nasal carriage of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among students in a college of animal health and production and livestock in the College Farm. 160 nasal swab samples taken from 130 students from three schools of the college and 30 livestock comprising sheep, goats, and cows between October 2017 and April 2018. Samples were enriched in peptone water broth, incubated at 37 o C for 24 hours, and sub-cultured onto Mannitol Salt Agar and thereafter standard bacterial procedure continued. A total of 83 (51.9%) S aureus isolates were identified, 54 (33.8%) MRSA, and 15 (9.4%) Methicillin Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA). The study showed a statistical association between the prevalence of MRSA in livestock and students. This could lead to cross infection of MRSA from livestock to man and vice versa, hence of public health significance.

| The present study was designed to examine the weight gain and growth performance of Balkhi lambs and pregnant Balkhi ewes at The University of Agriculture, Peshawar Dairy Farm Malakandair. Balkhi sheeps (n=30) were purchased from the market. They were kept for ninety days including 10 days for adaptation. Animals were divided into three groups such that each group contain ten animals i.e. group A (NRC recommended diet), group B (4% more CP and 2% more TDN), and group C (conventional grazing). Weekly body weight changes were recorded on digital balance and body condition score was calculated (1-5) on weekly basis. Bodily changes of ewes were significantly higher in group B (1.73±0.13 kg/week) followed by group A (1.22±0.07 kg/week) and group C (0.85±0.03 kg/week). The similar pattern was found for birth weight of lambs (group B > group A > group C). Least growth rate of lambs was observed in group C (0.46±0.02) followed by group A (0.75±0.042) and B (0.94±0.06). The effect of different level of diets was significant (P<0.05) on body condition score (BCS) of pregnant ewe before and after lambing. It was concluded that higher Crude Protein (CP) and Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN) supplementation to pregnant ewes improves the birth weight, growth rate of lambs and body condition scoring of ewes.