The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of cannabis on hematological parameters of Wistar rats induced with copper toxicity. Twenty (20) rats were randomly divided into four groups of five rats each. Group A (negative control) received water only for 15 days, Group B received copper at 200 mg/kg for five days, Group C received copper at 200 mg/kg for five days then treated with cannabis at 300mg/kg for ten days and Group D received cannabis at 300mg/kg only for ten days. All the rats were sacrificed on day sixteen and blood was collected through cardiac puncture and analyzed. Prepared slides from the heart were dehydrated using a dry air oven in xylene for 30 minutes and later mounted on the microscope and viewed using oil immersion ×1000 magnification. In a group induced with copper, we observed a decrease in PVC, RBC, and WBC. Leucopenia, lymphopenia, monocytopenia, and eosinopenia were also observed. However, there was an increase in MCHC, MCH, and MCV. The result of this study shows that copper caused changes in hematological parameters that lead to anemia, also treatment with cannabis caused a relative increase in hematological parameters which was not significant enough to reverse the effect. However, cannabis only was able to cause polycythemia.

The Artemisia plant which grows in most desert areas of the world, One of the important plants at all times, as it has been scientifically and practically proven to be non-toxic, By taking it orally, whether in powder or solution form by humans, And using chemical statements and measurements of chemical devices for its alcoholic and aqueous extract, it contains A wide range of compounds, most of which are anti-oxidants. It helped to use it extensively in the industrial field in the form of pesticides, and in the medical field in the prevention and treatment of parts of the digestive system, increasing the activity of the enzymes of the heart, liver, pancreas. In addition to containing a group of chemical elements that lead to an increase in the effectiveness of these enzymes, As well as to combat cancer cells using the alcoholic extract from it, and because of the presence of phenols in its composition, it was used as anti-bacterials. The most important thing is that it is used in some countries of the African continent to treat some cases of the Corona epidemic. In European countries, it is currently being studied and developed for use in the treatment of Corona, because of its ease of access, simplicity of production, licenses when selling and the absence of side effects when using it, and this helped the world to eliminate the global pandemic.

Calotropis gigantea (CG) widely known as milk weed, is a valuable Apocynaceae medicinal herb that is still underutilized despite its wide range of pharmacological effects. Its traditional therapeutic virtues have made it popular in Southeast Asian countries. It is commonly used to treat inflammation as a traditional medication, analgesic, mosquito repellent, antimicrobial, antioxidant, diabetes mellitus,cancer and the ability to cure wounds we analyzed all of the published information on the phytoconstituents isolated from the plant, as well as the pharmacological qualities of this remarkable herb, in order to emphasize its efficacy and potential.

Insect and their products have been used as an integral part of local therapies around the globe since decades. Several studies on insects have found it to be highly nutritious and rich in several bioactive compounds possibly attributing to its anti-oxidative, anti-carcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic and immune regulating properties. Mimela sp. is a small shiny green beetle highly preferred as food by the people of Arunachal Pradesh and is known to be therapeutically used in other regions. The Immunomodulatory effect of the aqueous extract of Mimela sp. was investigated in the present study on albino mice. The female mice were randomly divided into normal control, model control, low dose (500mg/kg), medium dose (1000mg/kg) and high dose (2000mg/kg) group. The mice in the dosage groups were fed with extract via oral gavage once a day for 14 days. The mice body weight, spleen and thymus indexes, RBC, WBC and HGB were measured. The oxidative stress parameter like lipid peroxidation, glutathione level and catalase activity were evaluated. Tissue morphology of spleen and thymus was observed. Delayed type hypersensitivity response, hemagglutination titer cytokines like IL-6 and TNF-α levels were measured. The results show significant increase in immune organ weight, leukocyte count, mice footpad volume, antibody formation and cytokine level. Enzymatic and non- enzymatic antioxidant levels were also increased. Further histomorphological observation showed improvement in numbers of immune cells mainly lymphocytes. Thus, suggesting that the aqueous extract of Mimela sp. have antioxidant and immunodulatory potentials.

Diabetes is a rapidly escalating health problem. Researchers have discovered novel strategies for the treatment of diabetes. Since ancient times, Sadabahar has been utilised to control diabetes in many regions of the world. Also known as Catharanthus roseus, it has been used in Ayurveda and Chinese medicine for centuries and is claimed to be a tried-and-true herbal remedy for chronic illnesses like diabetes. Over 120 alkaloids are produced, with 70 of them being pharmacologically active. Beneficial flavonoids and hypoglycemic alkaloids like catharanthine, leurosine, lochnerine, tetrahydroalstonin, vindoline, and vindolinine, vindogentianine are found in the plant. Researches have shown that the ethyl acetate fraction of the ethanolic extract of C. roseus has the best glucose lowering effect. This study focuses on the various biotechnological methods being adopted with constant advancements towards the role of sadabahar in treatment of diabetes and its future prospects.

A Polyherbal Formulation is prepared by using Methanolic extract of Sphaeranthus indicus flowerheads, fruits of Piper nigrum, Hydroalcoholic extracts of Withania somnifera, Ocimum sanctum, Centella asiatica for immunomodulatory activity. The effects of 100mg, 200mg, 400mg were screened on humoral and cellular immunity i.e. HA titer and Delayed Type Hypersensitivity on immunosuppressed mice. The present study demonstrated that the formulation200mg, 400mg have synergistic immunostimulant activity in HA titer and DTH, and it also showed protection against cyclophosphamide induced immunoosupression.

Flabellaria paniculata is a traditional herb used to treat dysentery, diarrhea, wounds and sores, snake immunization, skin infections, and cancer in West Africa. The plant is known to have some pharmacological and phytochemical activities. However, existing publication indicated that the plant’s full potential is unexplored or has yet to be investigated. As a result, the focus of this review will be on critical information reported about Flabellaria paniculata ethnomedicinal uses, pharmacological and phytochemical activities, and potential toxicity, in order to highlight its therapeutic prospects in traditional use, as well as research opportunities for more investigations aimed at developing promising pharmacologically active compounds. Phytochemical studies revealed that the plant contains various types of bioactive compounds and a number of compounds from its essential oils. Flabellaria paniculata has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiulcer, antifungal, anthelmintic, and wound healing properties according to its pharmacology studies. The review on Flabellaria paniculata showed its ethnopharmacological use. Other folkloric claims, on the other hand, have received little scientific studies. Furthermore, due to the plant’s unexplored nature, pure serendipity, rather than scientific research on its folkloric claim is encouraged. Thus, the plant’s potency could be tested on disease conditions such as hypertension (high blood pressure), high cholesterol, Arthritis, heat diseases, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, depression, Alzheimer’s disease and dementia. These are major causes of death among humans and Flabellaria paniculata might be the breakthrough research for these disease conditions.

Embelia ribes is a kind of Embelia. Burm. f. is a member of the Myrsinaceae family, which grows in hilly areas of India up to 1500 metres in elevation, from the outer Himalayas to the Western Ghats. Embelia ribes Burm. f. is a rare medicinal plant that has been studied extensively for its diverse medicinal characteristics. The use of medicinal plants in therapeutics is perhaps as old as recorded history. Embelia ribes is one of most significant medicinal plant. Nearly each part of this plant contains varied chemical constituents and is utilized within the treatment of various. Broad inquire about work has been detailed in last few decades on this important plant of Embelia ribes berries contain a few chemical constituents like embelin, volatile oil, fixed oil, resin, tannin, christembine, phenolic acids like caffeic acid, vanillic acid, chrorogenic acid, cinnamic acid, o-cumaric acid 4.33% of the embelin content is observed within the berries of Embelia ribes Burm F. It is a critically endangered medicinal plant known for its digestive, carminative, and laxative effects. Embelia ribes also has the following properties: Antihelminthic, antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anticonvulsant, anti-cancer, and antihyperlipidemic, Antifungal, Antihyperhomocysteinemic, Mollusicidal, Wound healing, Antifertility, Antihyperglycemic, Antitumor and anti-inflammatory, Chemotherapeutic, Contraceptive, Anxiolytic, Antidepressant, Antimitotic, Cardio protective effect, Antiobesity, and Antihyperlipidemic are all treated with it. Embelia ribes was studied for its hepatoprotective and analgesic properties.

Cinnamon may be a small evergreen tree 10-15 meters tall, belongs to the family Lauracae. The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, 7-18 Cm long, the flowers which are arranged in panicles, have greenish color and distinct odor. The fruit may be a purple one centiberry containing one seed. Cinnamon are widely used as spice and flavoring agent and may be clinically utilized in treatment of certain diseases like type 2 DM. Cinnamon extract has blood sugar lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study tested the effect of cinnamon extract on D- glucose induced hyperglycemias which showed significant reduction in plasma glucose level. Chronic hyperglycemia model induced by one intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, the extract showed marked decrease in blood sugar level.

Neem has become important in the global context today because it offers answers to the major concerns facing mankind. Azadirachta indica is a fast growing evergreen popular tree found commonly in India, Africa and America. This review gives a bird’s eye view mainly on the biological activity and its preventive-promotive medicinal uses and applications over all this review also tell you that how the “neem is the one solution of thousand problems”, like Antiallergenic, antidermatic, antifeedent, antifungal, anti- inflammatory, antipyretic, antiscabic, cardiac, diuretic, insecticidal, parricidal, nematicidal, spermicidal and other biological activities.

Curculigo pilosa (Schum. & Thonn) Engl. is a tropical African flowering plant belonging to the family Hypoxidaceae. It is a highly valued medicinal plant used in traditional medicine to treat constipation, impotence, limb limpness, arthritis, knee joints, and watery diarrhea. It is also used as a potent immunomodulator and aphrodisiac. The aim of this study is to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and free radical scavenging activity of the fresh and dried samples of C. pilosa. Fresh plant samples were purchased from herbal market at Iyana-Iba market in Ojo local government area. Some of the samples were oven dried at 30 oC to get the dried sample. Phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard laboratory procedures while ferric reducing power, nitric oxide and DPPH scavenging assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activity of the samples. Both dried and fresh samples contained phenols, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids and cardiac glycosides. Tannins was present in the extracts except the aqueous extract of the dried sample while terpenoids was present only in the acetone extract of the fresh and dried sample but absent in the aqueous extract of both samples. Fresh sample contained the highest amount of phytochemicals in both extracts. The amount of phenols in aqueous and acetone extracts of the fresh sample was 68.51 mg g-1 and 80.94 mg g-1 respectively. Fresh samples exhibited higher scavenging activity than the dried sample. Fresh sample of C. pilosa contained more phytochemicals and exhibited higher free radical scavenging activity than the dried sample.

Vincristine is a chemotherapeutic agent that is a component of many combination regimens for a variety of malignancies, including several common pediatric tumors.78% of patients with advanced malignant disease were treated with vincristine, an alkaloid derived from vinca rosea Linn, 59% of these survived from the beginning of treatment and could be evaluated. Favourable responses were seen in patients with Hodking’s disease, reticulum cell sarcoma, lymphosarcoma, carcinoma of the breast, acute leukemia and choriocarcinoma. Toxic include a high incidence of alopecia and neurologic complications. Vincristine treatment is limited by a progressive sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy. Vincristine-induced peripheral neuropathy (VIPN) is particularly challenging to detect and monitor in pediatric patients, in whom the side effect can diminish long term quality of life. Further research is needed to predict, prevent, and treat disease to maximize therapeutic benefit and avoid unnecessary toxicity from vincristine treatment.

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder and has become a great health problem particularly among the elderly people, generally occurs after the age of 55 years and increase in incidence with advancing age, affecting nearly 25 million people worldwide. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) was first identified by the German psychiatrist, Alois Alzheimer, in 1907. People with this disease may exhibit symptoms of short-term memory loss, diminished motor skills, inefficient coordination and impaired intellectual capabilities. The cause of AD is not exactly known, but is thought to include both genetic and environmental factors (multifactorial). There is no known cure for Alzheimer’s disease, since it is not possible to reverse the death of brain cells but the symptoms can be managed by some pharmacological agents and herbal remedies. The herbal remedies are becoming more popular in the recent years and providing very promising benefits to the patients suffering from AD. Several clinical trials using herbal mixtures are also going on and will hopefully show positive results for treating AD in the future. This paper reviews the Pathophysiology of AD along with the synthetic drugs and herbal medicines which are used for the Management of AD.

Aim: Woodfordia fruticosa (Lythraceae) commonly called as ‘Dhatakipuspha’ in India. In Ayurveda, The fresh flower of W. fruticosa has been reported to stop bleeding in emergency cuts, while the dried flower powder to heal wounds more efficiently. Traditionally Woodfordia fruticosa Kurz is used in wound healing by tribes of Chhattisgarh, India. There was no scientific evidence justifying the use of Woodfordia fruticosa for treating wounds, therefore the present study was aimed at evaluation of wound healing activity of the plant. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors. Materials and Methods: In the present study the flowers of Woodfordia fruticosa were studied for wound healing activity by incorporating the methanolic and total aqueous extract in simple ointment base B.P. in concentrations of 1% (w/w) and 2% (w/w). Ointments were also prepared using yashad bhasma (1.25% w/w) (equivalent zinc concentration 0.95% w/w) and yashad bhasma (0.625% w/w) (equivalent zinc concentration 0.45% w/w and 0.56% w/w) in combination with methanolic and total aqueous extract (1% w/w) in simple ointment base B.P. Wound healing activity was studied in the wound models in rats viz. excision and incision. In case of the excision wound model, wound contraction, period of epithelization and hydroxyproline content in the scab were studied, while incision wound model was evaluated by determining tensile strength of the newly formed skin. Results: Treatment of wound with ointment containing 2% (w/w) the methanolic and total aqueous and yashad bhasma (0.625% w/w) in combination with the methanolic and total aqueous extract (1% w/w) exhibited significant (P

Ethano-medicinal and phytochemical potential of Carum carvi Linn. and Cuminum cyminum: A review

Recent progresses in nano technology and nano science have developed the way we detect, treat, and prevent diseases. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are one of the most important elements among the many metallic nanoparticles used in biomedical applications. Physical, chemical and photochemical procedures all have been used to synthesize AgNPs, as well as irradiation and biological approaches, electrochemical methods. The importance of AgNPs appears in antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-angiogenic applications in biological and biomedical research. Furthermore, under some conditions, the free release of silver ions from AgNPs causes cell death in mammalian and microbial cells, indicating that AgNPs are broad-spectrum antibacterial agents. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) were shown to develop on AgNPs surface in prior studies. AgNPs, based on these properties, have a lot of promise in terms of minimizing wound inflammation and hence boosting wound healing when applied topically.

The study investigated the anti-oxidant, anti-cholinesterase activity and dopamine levels of methanolic leaves extract Solanum incanum in arsenic-induced neurodegeneration. Animals were divided into four groups: A Control (maintained on food and water only), B treated with 300 mg/kg S. incanum, C treated with 20 mg/kg As2O3, and D treated with 300 mg/kg and then 20 mg/kg As2O3. Serum anti-oxidant activities were determined by measuring the Catalase (CAT) and Super-oxidase (SOD) activities using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Serum acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity and dopamine levels were also quantified using ELISA. Prepared slides from the brain were dehydrated using a dry air oven in xylene for 30 minutes and later mounted on the microscope and viewed using oil immersion ×1000 magnification. The result of CAT and SOD assays showed significant decrease (P

Triclisia marcrophylla is a climbing plant used in Nsukka in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorder. This research was designed to study the phytochemical constituents and antibacterial activity of T. macrophylla ethanol leaf extract. Cold maceration method was used to get the ethanol extract. Standard qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis methods were used for the phytochemical estimation. The antibacterial activity was determined using agar well diffusion method. The result of the phytochemical screening showed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpenoids, reducing sugar and saponins. The percentage yield of the estimated phytoconstituents gives 6% alkaloids, 1.2% flavonoids, 0.48% cardiac glycosides and 2% saponins respectively. The ethanol extract showed zone of inhibition ranging from 2 mm to 15.7 mm against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Klebsiella pneumonia, Enterococcus faecalis while staphylococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa where not inhibited at any concentration. The extract demonstrated highest activity against Klebsiella pneumonia and Enterococcus faecalis. Conversely, the extract showed promising antibacterial activity and might be useful alternative in controlling disease caused by pathogenic organisms. The finding validated the folkloric claims of the plant use in treating infectious diseases.

This ethno-botanical study describes the traditional knowledge related to the use of Dipcadi erythraeum used by the tribes and communities residue in the Great Indian Desert or Indian Thar Desert. Dipcadi erythraeum (synonym- Dipcadi unicolor, Ornithogalum erythraeum, Uropetalon erythraeum, Uropetalon unicolor, Uropetalum unicolor) also known for Jangli Dungri is recently belonging to the subfamily Scilloideae of the family Asparagaceae and mainly found in rocky and gravelly habitats having greater medicinal values such as leaves are laxatives, used as an ointment for wounds, while whole plant is used for cough, biliousness, diabetes, urinary and discharge. This paper also deals with the focus on conservation of Dipcadi erythraeum because Due to soil erosion, over exploitation of rocks and hills, over grazing, habitat loss Dipcadi erythraeum is recently categorized as rare, endangered and threatened plant by IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) and WCMC (World Conservation Monitoring System).

The sudden and unexpected outbreak of SARS-Covid-2 also known as Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome- Corona virus disease-2 has nearly killed 2.86M people worldwide and approximately affected 132M lives, thus for humans the situation has become catastrophic. The situation now has become more serious and severe considering the SARS-COV spread in 2003 from camels. A cure or a vaccine still look distant but scientists are working to better understand this virus. Four new studies about the coronavirus have come to light. Thailand has reported the first case of covid-19 transmission from a dead patient to a health worker. The medical examiner died after catching the infection from a dead body. This raises the concern over the risk faced by both working in morgues and funeral rooms. It is still not known how long the virus survives in a dead body. Heat does not kill or deactivate the corona virus. A Chinese study has found that the direction of air conditioning is a key factor for droplet transmission. Governments from many parts of the world are extending restrictions. How long will this last? Turns out one-time lockdown might not be enough to clamp down on the coronavirus. In fact, the scientists said that the Harvard University say that repeated periods of social distancing might be required till 2022. In comparison to all the articles and journals published on this emerging topic, our journal focuses on the history of COVID-19, its pathogenesis, its available treatment regimens, the different ways the virus was found to spread and its future prospects. We have summarized the findings in this paper. The main objective of our paper was to portray all the updated information on this emerging topic to inform and aware people of the future which is yet to come because of this sudden pandemic.

Cinnamon is a small evergreen tree 10-15 meters tall, belongs to the family Lauracae. The leaves are ovate-oblong in shape, 7-18 Cm long, the flowers which are arranged in panicles, have greenish color and distinct odor. The fruit is a purple one centiberry containing a single seed. Cinnamon are widely used as spice and flavoring agent and can be clinically used in treatment of certain diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cinnamon extract has blood glucose lowering effect in patients with type 2 diabetes. This study tested the effect of cinnamon extract on D- glucose induced hyperglycemias which showed significant reduction in plasma glucose level. Chronic hyperglycemia model induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, the extract showed marked decrease in blood glucose level.

Materials and Methods: Inflorescences of test drug separated from their colourful bracts shade dried for a day and cut in to small piece. For HPTLC n-hexane extract of this sample was applied on a precoated aluminium plates using Benzene as mobile phase. Developed plates were visualized in UV 254, 366, under white light and then derivatised with vanillin sulphuric acid and scanned under UV 254 and 366 nm. Methylated volatile oil of test sample was introduced into a stream of helium, for Gas Chromatography study. The results were tabulated as per the retention time. Results: HPTLC photo documentation of n-hexane extract of drug has shown 5 peaks at 254nm, whereas 6 peaks at 366nm. After post derivatisation at 620nm drug has shown 9 peaks. GC-MS analysis of volatile oil of test drug showed presence of totally 39 compounds among which 32 were identified by their Mass spectra with MS-Library.

This study evaluated in vitro antibacterial activity and phytochemical profile of four plants

During the two successive seasons, 2020 and 2021, this investigation was carried out on Coleus amboinicus to study the effect of spraying some plant stimulators on growth, yield, active constituents, and biological activities. The experiment included six foliar spray treatments (control, moringa extract, blue green algae extract, compost tea, active dry yeast extract, and Azolla extract). The applications were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The measured data involved growth and yield parameters (plant height, fresh weight of herb per plant, fresh yield of herb per hectare, dry weight of herb per plant, and dry yield of herb per hectare), chemical parameters (essential oil percent, oil content per plant, oil yield per hectare, oil composition, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content), and biological activities (antioxidant and anticancer). The results represented that spraying C. amboinicus with all stimulators significantly increased growth, yield, essential oil percent, oil content per plant, and oil yield per hectare over control. The significant promising treatment was sprayed with blue green algae extract, which recorded the best traits. Moreover, the results showed that using blue green algae extract revealed the highest total phenolic content in the plant while utilizing compost tea represented the highest total flavonoid content. Consequently, using compost tea enhanced in vitro antioxidant and anticancer activities of C. amboinicus.

Sepsis is a principal cause of human mortality. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a factor of the myocardial dysfunction induced by sepsis. The present study attempts to determine the role of the macroalga Alsidium corallinum (A. corallinum) from TNF-α-induced sepsis. The cardiomyocytes H9c2 exposed to A. corallinum extract, then these cells have treated with TNF-α. H9c2 viability and antioxidant defense like glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione were evaluated. Main results reported that TNF-α caused a morphological cell modifications and, a reduction in H9c2 viability, and an increase of antioxidant defense. A. corallinum-treatment reduced the toxicity induced by TNF-α. These results demonstrated the cytoprotector role of A. corallinum against oxidative stress.

The present study was performed in three groups of rats, consisting six rats in each group. The rats of group I were served as control. However, VI and VII were treated with aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis @ 200 mg/kg b. wt. and aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis @ 400 mg/kg b. wt., respectively. All the groups received medication orally, once daily for 28 days. Emblica officinalis did not alter the concentration of biochemical markers of liver function viz. ALT, AST, GGT, ALP, albumin and bilirubin as compared to control treated group. The concentration of biochemical markers of kidney function viz. BUN and creatinine was not alter after the administration of aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis as compared to control group. The safety profile of aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis was evaluated. The results of the present study indicated that the aqueous extract of Emblica officinalis @ 200 mg/kg b. wt. and 400 mg/kg b. wt. orally for 28 days did not alter the oxidative stress indices and biochemical markers of liver and kidney function as compared to control.

The essential oils from Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis suaveolens (Lamiceae) and Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae) have biological properties. The aim of this work is to compare the effect of essential oils of these three medicinal plants on weight growth, hematological and biochemical parameters of treated rats through the procedure of acute toxicity evaluation on Wistar rats. The doses applied are 100, 250 and 500mg/Kg bw for each of the essential oils From the results obtained, the effects of essential oils of Ocimum gratissimum, Hyptis suaveolens and Psidium guajava leaves on biochemical, hematological parameters and weight growth of rats are dose dependent. At the dose of 500mg/Kg bw, they significantly increased the rate of white blood cells, urea, creatinemia, transaminases and reduced the weight growth of rats by more than 10% (p

By injecting the colloidal carbon particles, the mononuclear phagocyte system in Schizothorax niger was studied in vivo. As per results the major organs of carbon particle localization in Schizothorax niger after studying histology of organs from 2 hours to day 8 were kidney, spleen, thymus and heart. Spleen was seen with highest density of carbon particles followed by the kidney. The medulla of the thymus was seen first with antigen trapping ability followed by the cortex after day 4. The ventricular endocardial cells of heart were seen as Immunocompetent. Uptake of carbon particles by the monocytes was seen upto day 2.

In vitro antibacterial potential of aqueous extracts of Heteropogon contortus (whole plant, leaves, flowers, stem and roots) were examined against gram negative and positive pathogen; Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) respectively. Concentrations tested were 100 and 200 mg/mL, using agar well diffusion bioassay technique. Gentamicin (1µg/mL) was used as the positive control and distilled water as the negative control. The results revealed that different parts of the plant exhibit different degrees of antibacterial activity. The ranking of the potency of antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli was whole plant > leaves > flowers > root > stem, while whole plant > flowers > roots > leaves > stem for Staphylococcus aureus. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, diterpenes and glycosides in certain parts of the plant while phenols, proteins and amino acids were found in all parts. The antibacterial activity is likely to be mediated by synergistic action via multiple mechanisms. A strong possibility exists to develop a safe and potent antibacterial agent from Heteropogon contortus.

Migraine is a debilitating neurovascular disorder with a number of targeted, tolerant and effective treatments. The formulation made in plant-based plants, holds great promise in the identification of new therapeutic goals for migraine. Therefore, safety and performance tests are essential. We are reviewing some of the phytomedicines that may be useful in the treatment of migraine-feverfew (Tanacetum Parthenium), butterbur (Petasites hybridus), menthol (Mentha piperita), coriander (C. sativum), Ginkgobiloba (Gingko macrophylla K. Koch), Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.), Matricaria chamomilla (Matricaria recutita), Curcumin (Curcuma longa), Lavender (Lavandula spica) in terms of their mechanisms and evidence of migraine treatment. The results of this systematic review suggest that many herbal remedies, through their many physiological influences, emerge as options for improving migraine treatment. However, other high-level studies are important to evaluate their effectiveness and safety as a treatment for migraine.

Ehretia laevis is a rare Indian medicinal plant used from ancient times. The plant is used for a variety of purposes, including ornaments, pot herbs, wood and stone dye, medicines, wines, and cosmetics. The inner bark of Ehretia laevis Roxb is used in the treatment of ulcers and headaches. Also useful in treatment for schizophrenia, absorption of calcium, muscle protein, post-surgery recovery, sports injuries, production of hormones, enzymes, antibodies. The plant has many uses that that many uses for different medicinal purposes. The fresh root is used in the treatment of syphilis, and the root is also used to treat diphtheria. Leaf powder mixed with sugar is divided into 10 equal doses. Each dose is taken daily along with goat milk curd to healing dysuria. The review focusing on the pharmacognostic parameters of E. Laevis and pharmacological uses.

Gallic acid, also known as 3, 4, 5-trihydroxybenzoic acid, is a naturally occurring secondary metabolite that can help biological cells, tissues, and organs resist oxidative stress. It has significant antioxidant and free radical scavenging characteristics and may be extracted from a range of fruits, plants, and nuts. GA is a phenolic substance present in a variety of fruits and medicinal plants. In a number of plants, it can be present in phytoconstituents like free acids, esters, catechin derivatives, and hydrolysable tannins GA has been reviewed by evaluating information on the Internet (using Google Scholar, CAB Abstracts, Elsevier, Cambridge University Press, JSTOR, Nature Publishing and Science online) and in libraries. Traditional medicinal uses of were recorded in the Ayurveda and Chinese pharmacopeia. The present review study covered chemical constituents and pharmacological properties. This has included GA therapeutic effects of the whole plants and its extracts, fractions and isolated compounds are Antioxidant, Antimicrobial, Anticancer, Antidiabetic Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory, Wound Healing, Hepatoprotective, Cardiovascular, Gastrointestinal, Metabolic, Neuropsychological, Allergic skin disease, Antidepressant, Diuretic, Antifungal, Anthelmintic, Antianxiety activities have all been described and GA's safety and therapeutic efficacy in humans must be further defined through future research.

The goal of this article is to use scholarly search engines like PubMed and Scifinder to find scholarly articles and reports on Cinnamon, its novel implications, preparation, analysis, and use in the management and cure of serious illnesses like diabetes, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and cancer. Cinnamon has long been used in food preparations and as a herbal medication to treat a wide range of diseases and symptoms. Cinnamon has antioxidant, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and other medicinal effects. New research not only demonstrates the value of cinnamon as a flavor, but also suggests that it could be used as a natural treatment for significant ailments like type 2 diabetes, chronic digestive issues, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease. This article examines the botanical, chemical, and pharmacological properties of cinnamon in depth.

Phytochemical screening of the medicinal plants reveals, very important and vital phytochemicals like tanins, saponin, flavonoids, Terpenoids and/or Stroids, alkaloids and anthraquinones, at a very appreciable quantity. In this study aims to assess the phytochemicals screening for ethanolic extracts of Boscia senegalensis, Cymbopogom schoenanthus, Hydnora abysinica and Rhynchosia minima., from the Sudan. The results showed the phytochemical screening revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids and/or stroids, alkaloids and anthraquinones, in all plants, expect tannins (Boscia senegalensis), saponins (Hydnora abysinica), flavonoids (Cymbopogom schoenanthus), terpenoids and/or Stroids (Boscia senegalensis and Rhynchosia minima.,) and alkaloids (Cymbopogom schoenanthus). However, we can see a phytochemical screening harvested in all plants ethanolic extracts highlighted in this study could justify the traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of several pathologies.

In the present study was undertaken to evaluate the mucilage obtained from the calyx of flower of Hibiscus rosasinensis Linn as a suspending agent. A suspension of CaCO3 was prepared using 2 % w/v of hibiscus mucilage as suspending agent and it is evaluated for its stability using the parameters like, sedimentation volume, viscosity, redispersibility and pH. The suspending effect of hibiscus mucilage was compared with CaCO3 suspensions prepared using 2 % w/v of suspending agents such as acacia and tragacanth. The results obtained indicated that the hibiscus mucilage could be used as a suspending agent. It has low rate of sedimentation, high viscosity, slightly basic pH and is easily redispersible. These effects were comparable with that of the standard suspending agents like acacia and tragacanth. The mucilage isolated from the calyx of flower of Hibiscus rosasinensis can be used as a pharmaceutical adjuvant.

Cancer cause sickness and consequently can be viably overwhelmed by a multi-constituently remedial strategy. Herbal extracts shows the example of such stratagem. However, less research have been carried out till date that portray the effect of different extraction techniques on the phyto compounds profile of plant extracts and its effect on anticancer activity. Momordica charantia is a member of the Cucurbitaceae. It is a popular vegetable harvest in Indian customary medicine since olden times. It has potential lipid lowering and antioxidant activity and antidiabetic. In the present study, we have evaluated the anticancer prospective of methanolic and acetone extracts of Momordica charantia (MCME) and (MCAE). Reported results show that (MCME) is rich in bioactive compounds shown anticancer activity with Cell lines of (IC50) with MCF 715.6 ± 1.3 and HeLa 28.2 ± 1. This study based on the presence of cytotoxic from the Momordica charantia, which have been further used in herbal formulations study as an anticancer activity. Our conclusion support additional indepth study of this pharmacologic activity as a malignant tumour agent.

Diabetes mellitus is a fastest growing serious global health problem. In 2000, India with 31.7 million diabetic population topped the world followed by China (20.8 million) respectively. Poor glycaemic control has been observed in the Indian diabetic population which in long term lead to various micro and macro vascular complications. Diabetes is one of four priority non-communicable diseases (NCDs) targeted by all health agencies for the Prevention and Control of NCDs. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and Indian Gooseberry (Emblica officinalis) powder in combination called as Nisha Amalaki Churna showed significant hypoglycemic, antioxidant and hyperlipidemia effect in many experimental and human research. Ayurveda strongly recommended its significant effect in the management of diabetes (Prameha). The present write up is an effort to discuss the opportunities of an effective herbal combination Nishamalaki Churna as preventive and health promotive dimensions in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.