油气管道一旦发生泄漏，极易引发火灾和爆炸事故，造成人员伤亡和财产损失。因此，研究油气长输管道的泄漏检测技术，并选取适合的方法具有一定的现实意义。从硬件与软件的角度可将泄漏检测方法分为外部法检测(硬件)和内部检测法(软件)。通过对常用的基于分布式光纤传感技术、负压波技术和实时瞬态模型技术的泄漏检测方法进行了论述，详细分析各种技术的优缺点，并归纳总结了选取技术时的考虑因素，推荐采用光纤传感技术作为新建管道项目泄漏检测系统的首选。文章结论可为油气管道泄漏检测系统建设提供技术支持和参考。 Once oil and gas pipeline leakage occurs, it is easy to cause fire and explosion accidents, causing casualties and property losses. Therefore, it is of practical significance to study the leak detection technology of oil and gas long-distance pipeline and select suitable methods. From the perspective of hardware and software, leakage detection methods can be divided into external detection (hardware) and internal detection (software). With discussing the commonly used leakage detection methods based on distributed optical fiber sensing technology, negative pressure wave technology and real-time transient model technology, the advantages and disadvantages of various technologies are analyzed in detail, and the factors that should be considered when selecting technologies are summarized, and the fiber optic sensing technology is recommended as the first choice of leakage detection system for new pipeline projects. The conclusion of this paper can provide technical support and reference for the construction of oil and gas pipeline leak detection system.