Nonrespiratory sites of influenza‐associated disease: mechanisms and experimental systems for continued study
Open Access
- 7 February 2022
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Wiley in The FEBS Journal
- Vol. 289 (14), 4038-4060
- https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16363
Abstract
The productive replication of human influenza viruses is almost exclusively restricted to cells in the respiratory tract. However, a key aspect of the host response to viral infection is the production of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines that are not similarly tissue restricted. As such, circulating inflammatory mediators, as well as the resulting activated immune cells, can induce damage throughout the body, particularly in individuals with underlying conditions. As a result, more holistic experimental approaches are required to fully understand the pathogenesis and scope of influenza virus-induced disease. This review summarizes what is known about some of the most well-appreciated non-respiratory tract sites of influenza virus-induced disease, including: neurological, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, muscular, and fetal developmental phenotypes. In the context of this discussion, we describe the in vivo experimental systems currently being used to study non-respiratory symptoms. Finally, we highlight important future questions and potential models that can be used for a more complete understanding of influenza virus-induced disease.Keywords
Funding Information
- Hartwell Foundation
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R01‐HL142985)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01‐AI137031)
This publication has 185 references indexed in Scilit:
- The viral theory of schizophrenia revisited: Abnormal placental gene expression and structural changes with lack of evidence for H1N1 viral presence in placentae of infected mice or brains of exposed offspringNeuropharmacology, 2012
- The pathogenesis of influenza virus infections: the contributions of virus and host factorsCurrent Opinion in Immunology, 2011
- Systemic responses during local viral infections: type I IFNs sound the alarmCurrent Opinion in Immunology, 2011
- Maternal Influenza Infection During Pregnancy Impacts Postnatal Brain Development in the Rhesus MonkeyBiological Psychiatry, 2010
- Prenatal viral infection of mice at E16 causes changes in gene expression in hippocampi of the offspringEuropean Neuropsychopharmacology, 2009
- Abnormal expression of myelination genes and alterations in white matter fractional anisotropy following prenatal viral influenza infection at E16 in miceSchizophrenia Research, 2009
- Animal models for the study of influenza pathogenesis and therapyAntiviral Research, 2009
- Activation of the maternal immune system alters cerebellar development in the offspringBrain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2009
- Infection-Triggered Familial or Recurrent Cases of Acute Necrotizing Encephalopathy Caused by Mutations in a Component of the Nuclear Pore, RANBP2American Journal of Human Genetics, 2009
- Maternal infection leads to abnormal gene regulation and brain atrophy in mouse offspring: Implications for genesis of neurodevelopmental disordersSchizophrenia Research, 2008