Unsettled Problems of Second-Order Quantum Theories of Elementary Particles

Abstract

The physical community agrees that the variational principle is a cornerstone of a quantum fields theory (QFT) of an elementary particle. This approach examines the variation of the action of a Lagrangian density whose form is \(S = \int d^4 x \mathcal {L}(\psi,\psi_{,\mu}).\) The dimension of the action \(S\) and \(d^4x\) prove that the quantum function \(\psi\) of any specific Lagrangian density \(\mathcal {L}(\psi,\psi_{,\mu})\) has a definite dimension. This evidence determines the results of new consistency tests of QFTs. This work applies these tests to several kinds of quantum functions of a QFT of elementary particles. It proves that coherent results are derived from the standard form of quantum electrodynamics which depends on the Dirac linear equation of a massive charged particle and Maxwell theory of the electromagnetic fields. In contrast, contradictions stem from second-order quantum theories of an elementary particle, such as the Klein-Gordon equation and the electroweak theory of the \(W^\pm\) boson. An observation of the literature that discusses the latter theories indicates that they do not settle the above-mentioned crucial problems. This issue supports the main results of this work.