Purpose: To understand the oral health status of rural residents in X County, Shaanxi Province and their knowledge of oral health care, and to investigate the incidence of dental caries and periodontal disease among rural residents in X County, Shaanxi Province, and take this as a basis to guide the oral prevention and health care of rural residents in this area. Method: According to the survey method of the fourth National Epidemiological Survey of Oral Health, the subjects were divided into four age groups: 35~44, 45~54, 55~64 and 65~74. The total sample size was 1258. The survey was divided into oral health status survey and oral health questionnaire survey. The detection rate of gingival bleeding, dental calculus and periodontal pocket was used as statistical index of periodontal disease. Result: The total incidence rate of dental caries was 92.2%, the number of caries examined was 7.87, the detection rate of gingival bleeding was 88.8%, the detection rate of dental calculi was 96.5%, the edentulous rate was 2.5%, and the restoration rate of denture was 29.8%. Conclusion: The incidence of dental caries, gingival bleeding, the detection rate of dental calculus and the total edentulous rate were higher than those of the fourth National Oral Health Epidemiological sampling Survey, the tooth loss rate was high and the restoration rate of denture was also high. The prevention and treatment of oral health of rural residents should be strengthened, improving the oral medical conditions of rural residents.