Hierarchical Cluster Analysis of Medical Chemicals Detected by a Bacteriophage-Based Colorimetric Sensor Array
Open Access
- 9 January 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Nanomaterials
- Vol. 10 (1), 121
- https://doi.org/10.3390/nano10010121
Abstract
M13 bacteriophage-based colorimetric sensors, especially multi-array sensors, have been successfully demonstrated to be a powerful platform for detecting extremely small amounts of target molecules. Colorimetric sensors can be fabricated easily using self-assembly of genetically engineered M13 bacteriophage which incorporates peptide libraries on its surface. However, the ability to discriminate many types of target molecules is still required. In this work, we introduce a statistical method to efficiently analyze a huge amount of numerical results in order to classify various types of target molecules. To enhance the selectivity of M13 bacteriophage-based colorimetric sensors, a multi-array sensor system can be an appropriate platform. On this basis, a pattern-recognizing multi-array biosensor platform was fabricated by integrating three types of sensors in which genetically engineered M13 bacteriophages (wild-, RGD-, and EEEE-type) were utilized as a primary building block. This sensor system was used to analyze a pattern of color change caused by a reaction between the sensor array and external substances, followed by separating the specific target substances by means of hierarchical cluster analysis. The biosensor platform could detect drug contaminants such as hormone drugs (estrogen) and antibiotics. We expect that the proposed biosensor system could be used for the development of a first-analysis kit, which would be inexpensive and easy to supply and could be applied in monitoring the environment and health care.Keywords
This publication has 21 references indexed in Scilit:
- Biomimetic self-templating supramolecular structuresNature, 2011
- Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria Associated with Food Animals: A United States Perspective of Livestock ProductionFoodborne Pathogens & Disease, 2007
- Molecular Recognition and Discrimination of Amines with a Colorimetric ArrayAngewandte Chemie, 2005
- Review of evidence: Are endocrine-disrupting chemicals in the aquatic environment impacting fish populations?Science of The Total Environment, 2005
- Determination of Endocrine-Disrupting Phenolic Compounds and Estrogens in Surface and Drinking Water by HRGC−(NCI)−MS in the Picogram per Liter RangeEnvironmental Science & Technology, 2001
- Phage DisplayChemical Reviews, 1997
- A library of organic landscapes on filamentous phage"Protein Engineering, Design and Selection", 1996
- Filamentous Fusion Phage: Novel Expression Vectors That Display Cloned Antigens on the Virion SurfaceScience, 1985
- Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective FunctionJournal of the American Statistical Association, 1963
- Hierarchical Grouping to Optimize an Objective FunctionJournal of the American Statistical Association, 1963