Optimising Energy Flexibility of Boats in PV-BESS Based Marina Energy Systems
Open Access
- 9 June 2021
- Vol. 14 (12), 3397
- https://doi.org/10.3390/en14123397
Abstract
Implementation of alternative energy supply solutions requires the broad involvement of local communities. Hence, smart energy solutions are primarily investigated on a local scale, resulting in integrated community energy systems (ICESs). Within this framework, the distributed generation can be optimally utilised, matching it with the local load via storage and demand response techniques. In this study, the boat demand flexibility in the Ballen marina on Samsø—a medium-sized Danish island—is analysed for improving the local grid operation. For this purpose, suitable electricity tariffs for the marina and sailors are developed based on the conducted demand analysis. The optimal scheduling of boats and battery energy storage system (BESS) is proposed, utilising mixed-integer linear programming. The marina’s grid-flexible operation is studied for three representative weeks—peak tourist season, late summer, and late autumn period—with the combinations of high/low load and photovoltaic (PV) generation. Several benefits of boat demand response have been identified, including cost savings for both the marina and sailors, along with a substantial increase in load factor. Furthermore, the proposed algorithm increases battery utilisation during summer, improving the marina’s cost efficiency. The cooperation of boat flexibility and BESS leads to improved grid operation of the marina, with profits for both involved parties. In the future, the marina’s demand flexibility could become an essential element of the local energy system, considering the possible increase in renewable generation capacity—in the form of PV units, wind turbines or wave energy.Funding Information
- Horizon 2020 (731249)
This publication has 31 references indexed in Scilit:
- Energy scheduling of a smart microgrid with shared photovoltaic panels and storage: The case of the Ballen marina in SamsøEnergy, 2020
- Optimisation of demand response in electric power systems, a reviewRenewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 2019
- Unlocking Flexibility: Integrated Optimization and Control of Multienergy SystemsIEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2017
- A Survey on Demand Response in Smart Grids: Mathematical Models and ApproachesIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2015
- A Survey on Demand Response Programs in Smart Grids: Pricing Methods and Optimization AlgorithmsIEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 2014
- Smart Grid Communication: Its Challenges and OpportunitiesIEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 2013
- State of the art of thermal storage for demand-side managementApplied Energy, 2012
- Demand Side Management: Demand Response, Intelligent Energy Systems, and Smart LoadsIEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 2011
- Grid of the futureIEEE Power and Energy Magazine, 2009
- Demand side management: Benefits and challengesEnergy Policy, 2008