Effect of Adulteration on Quality and Preliminary Risk Assessment of the Decoction Pieces of Farfarae Flos Based on the Determination of Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids by UHPLC–MS/MS
- 22 July 2022
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Oxford University Press (OUP) in Journal of AOAC International
- Vol. 106 (1), 192-204
- https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoacint/qsac088
Abstract
Farfarae Flos (FF) is a frequently used traditional herbal medicine with outstanding antitussive actions. The adulteration of FF decoction pieces is common. This study aimed to study the effect of adulteration on the safety and quality of FF decoction pieces. The proportion of impurities was conducted by cone quartering method. A simple and accurate ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was established to simultaneous determinate three pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) as endogenous toxic compounds in FF. The traditional medicinal parts (flower bud), impurities (pedicel and rhizome) and unselected samples were determined respectively. The values of estimated daily intake (EDI) and margin of exposure (MOE) were used for risk assessment. Twenty batches of samples were collected from different habitats, and the proportion of impurities ranged from 17.51% to 41.27%. Pedicel and rhizome were the main impurities, accounting for more than 87.40% of the total impurities. The content of PAs in impurities was significantly higher. The EDI value range was 5.34 to 16.59 μg/kg bw/day, which was much higher than the standard safety value of 7.00 × 10−3 μg/kg bw/day. The MOE values ranges for life long time and shorter exposure were 14.29 to 44.37 and 371.53 to 1153.63, respectively, indicating that at least 80% of the samples had safety risks. Correlation analysis showed that the proportion of adulterated impurities had significant correlation with the values of EDI and MOE. Adulteration of non medicinal parts may significantly increase the risk of medications of FF decoction pieces. This study provides an efficient methodology reference for the control of PAs and a basis for adulteration to affect the safety and quality of FF decoction pieces.Funding Information
- Open fund from the Key Laboratory for quality control of Chinese medicinal materials and decoction pieces
- National Medical Products Administration (2020GSMPA-KL16)
This publication has 24 references indexed in Scilit:
- Traditional wound-healing plants used in the Balkan region (Southeast Europe)Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2018
- Risks for human health related to the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in honey, tea, herbal infusions and food supplementsEFSA Journal, 2017
- Interim relative potency factors for the toxicological risk assessment of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food and herbal medicinesToxicology Letters, 2016
- Characterization and screening of pyrrolizidine alkaloids and N-oxides from botanicals and dietary supplements using UHPLC-high resolution mass spectrometryFood Chemistry, 2015
- Effective application of freezing lipid precipitation and SCX-SPE for determination of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in high lipid foodstuffs by LC-ESI-MS/MSJournal of Chromatography B, 2015
- Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids: Potential Role in the Etiology of Cancers, Pulmonary Hypertension, Congenital Anomalies, and Liver DiseaseChemical Research in Toxicology, 2014
- Metabolomic and Genomic Evidence for Compromised Bile Acid Homeostasis by Senecionine, a Hepatotoxic Pyrrolizidine AlkaloidChemical Research in Toxicology, 2014
- Lack of Metabolic Activation and Predominant Formation of an Excreted Metabolite of Nontoxic Platynecine-Type Pyrrolizidine AlkaloidsChemical Research in Toxicology, 2013
- Research progress of especial toxicity and of pyrrolizidine alkaloidsChina Journal of Chinese Materia Medica, 2011
- Using Haber’s Law to define the margin of exposureToxicology, 2000