Binding ability of methylene blue with heparin dependent on its sulfate level rather than its sulfation location or basic saccharide structure

Abstract

Methylene blue (MB) is one of the most common cationic dyes to detect heparin. As the sulfate residue presented in heparin was the main contributor to bind with MB, the UV performance of the MB with selectively desulfated heparin derivatives was investigated. It was found that the sulfate residue in different heparin analogues did not show the equal ability to attract MB binding. The stoichiometry of sulfate with MB among the heparin and derivatives was verified as a non-constant number. For the two selectively desulfated heparin derivatives: sulfate elimination at 6-O (6-OdeS) and N-acetylated heparin (N-deS-Acetyl), the MB to sulfate ratios were significantly higher than for heparin. For the not fully diminished sulfate at 2-O heparin derivative (2-OdeS), the MB-SO₃^- ratio of 2-OdeS was between 6-OdeS, N-deS-Acetlyl and heparin. Although in a distinct sulfation position, the MB-SO₃^- ratio of 6-OdeS and N-deS-Acetyl was almost equal, which agreed with the comparable total desulfation degree between 6-OdeS and N-deS-Acetyl. In addition, compared to heparin groups, the non-desulfated gs-HP showed no significantly different MB-SO₃^- ratio with heparin. The above results demonstrated that compared with the sulfate location and glycan composition of heparin, the content of sulfate was the most essential factor for the MB binding.