Mass & Quark Symmetry: Mass and Mass Cloud (The Yin Yang): Atom Binding Energy; Molecules Binding Energy; Binding energy between the nucleons in the nucleus; Particle Interaction Energy between particle and antiparticle; Quark Symmetry & Quark Confinement
The symmetry occurs in most of the phenomena explained by physics, for example, a particle has positive or negative charges, and the electric dipoles that have the charge (+q) and (-q) which are at a certain distance (d), north or south magnetic poles and for a magnetic bar or magnetic compass with two poles: North (N) and South (S) poles, spins up or down of the electron at the atom and for the nucleons in the nucleus In this form, the particle should also have mass symmetry. For convenience and due to later explanations, I call this mass symmetry or mass duality as follows: mass and mass cloud. The mass cloud is located in the respective orbitals given by the Schrödinger equation. The orbitals represent the possible locations or places of the particle which are determined probabilistically by the respective Schröndiger equation. For example and for the proton, the positive charge is concentrated in its mass nucleus with an uncharged mass cloud around its nucleus distributed in the orbitals or mass clouds. For the electron, the negative charge is concentrated in its mass nucleus with an uncharged mass cloud around its nucleus distributed in the orbitals or mass clouds. Besides, in the formation of the hydrogen atom, a part of the mass cloud of the proton interacts with the mass cloud of the electron, and the total mass-energy lost in this interaction is transformed into electromagnetic energy according to Einstein's equation: E=mc2 and the variant mass formula discovered and developed by myself: Giovanni Alcocer Variant Formulas. Therefore, the electron and proton are bound together in the hydrogen atom due to the electrostatic force between the two particles and the mass cloud of the electron and proton with some mass cloud lost in the interaction and converted to electromagnetic energy or photons. Then, it is right to assume this mass symmetry, since the electron and the proton in the interaction of the mass cloud lose mass but do not lose electric charge. In this form, it is justified the existence of a mass cloud. Therefore, the main function of the mass cloud is the binding energy. The mass cloud interaction generates binding energy between the electrons and the nucleus in the atom through the protons and between the nucleons in the nucleus: protons with protons, neutrons with neutrons, and protons with neutrons. The nuclear force between two nucleons is characterized by being strong and short-range. Also, it can be justified by the existence of the mass cloud: the mass clouds of nucleons within the nucleus interact with each other without any effect on the proton charge. In the same form and due to the quarks having mass and charge (and inclusive colors), the quarks have also the same mass symmetry: mass and mass cloud. Thus, the electrical charge is stored in the mass of the quarks and the mass cloud allows the confinement or the respective binding between quarks. Then, the following questions are explained and answered simply in this research article: why a particle does not exist with only one quark? why the quarks are confined to the nucleus? and which is the origin of the nuclear forces? On other hand, there are particles with two quarks (mesons), particles with three quarks (baryons) and then, it is very probable to find particles with more than three quarks (quaternions). This scientific research presents evidence of the existence of mass symmetry: mass and mass cloud and the interaction between the mass cloud of the particles (The Yin Yang Interaction) based on Einstein's equation and in the Variant Mass formula for the Electron in the atom discovered and demonstrated by myself where experimental results are detailed.