Spatiotemporal Evolution and Driving Forces of PM2.5 in Urban Agglomerations in China

Abstract

With the rapid development of China’s economy, the process of industrialization and urbanization is accelerating, and environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. The urban agglomerations (UAs) are the fastest growing economy and are also areas with serious air pollution. Based on the monthly mean PM_2.5 concentration data of 20 UAs in China from 2015 to 2019, the spatiotemporal distribution characteristics of PM_2.5 were analyzed in UAs. The effects of natural and social factors on PM_2.5 concentrations in 20 UAs were quantified using the geographic detector. The results showed that (1) most UAs in China showed the most severe pollution in winter and the least in summer. Seasonal differences were most significant in the Central Henan and Central Shanxi UAs. However, the PM_2.5 was highest in March in the central Yunnan UA, and the Harbin-Changchun and mid-southern Liaoning UAs had the highest PM_2.5 in October. (2) The highest PM_2.5 concentrations were located in northern China, with an overall decreasing trend of pollution. Among them, the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, central Shanxi, central Henan, and Shandong Peninsula UAs had the highest concentrations of PM_2.5. Although most of the UAs had severe pollution in winter, the central Yunnan, Beibu Gulf, and the West Coast of the Strait UAs had lower PM_2.5 concentrations in winter. These areas are mountainous, have high temperatures, and are subject to land and sea breezes, which makes the pollutants more conducive to diffusion. (3) In most UAs, socioeconomic factors such as social electricity consumption, car ownership, and the use of foreign investment are the main factors affecting PM_2.5 concentration. However, PM_2.5 in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River are chiefly influenced by natural factors such as temperature and precipitation.