Antioxidant nanozyme counteracts HIV‐1 by modulating intracellular redox potential
Open Access
- 1 April 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Springer Science and Business Media LLC in EMBO Molecular Medicine
- Vol. 13 (5), e13314
- https://doi.org/10.15252/emmm.202013314
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulates the replication of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV‐1) during infection. However, the application of this knowledge to develop therapeutic strategies remained unsuccessful due to the harmful consequences of manipulating cellular antioxidant systems. Here, we show that vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanosheets functionally mimic natural glutathione peroxidase activity to mitigate ROS associated with HIV‐1 infection without adversely affecting cellular physiology. Using genetic reporters of glutathione redox potential and hydrogen peroxide, we showed that V2O5 nanosheets catalyze ROS neutralization in HIV‐1‐infected cells and uniformly block viral reactivation and replication. Mechanistically, V2O5 nanosheets suppressed HIV‐1 by affecting the expression of pathways coordinating redox balance, virus transactivation (e.g., NF‐κB), inflammation, and apoptosis. Importantly, a combination of V2O5 nanosheets with a pharmacological inhibitor of NF‐κB (BAY11‐7082) abrogated reactivation of HIV‐1. Lastly, V2O5 nanosheets inhibit viral reactivation upon prostratin stimulation of latently infected CD4+ T cells from HIV‐infected patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy. Our data successfully revealed the usefulness of V2O5 nanosheets against HIV and suggested nanozymes as future platforms to develop interventions against infectious diseases.Keywords
Funding Information
- The Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance (IA/S/16/2/502700)
- Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (BT/PR29098/MED/29/1324/2018, BT/PR13522/COE/34/27/2015, BT/HRD/NBA/39/07/2018‐19, 22‐0905‐0006‐05‐987 436)
- Department of Science and Technology, Ministry of Science and Technology, India (SR/NM/NS‐1380/2014, SB/S2/JCB‐067/2015)
- Infosys Foundation (FA/OTHER‐15‐0003)
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