Abstract
We will use the definition of entropy to calculate the Earth annual and millennial temperature profile having the highest probability among all probable temperature profiles. We will achieve this through the development of an original procedure for identifying the physical parameters of a paleo-climatic model of the Earth. This investigation will allow us to answer two questions of contemporary experimental and theoretical research: The first concerns the increase in sea temperature and the Earth accumulation of heat, measured in the last sixty years. The second concerns the probability of two events of capital interest for humanity: the onset of an ice age and the onset of a climatic optimum. This paleo-climatic model provides the answer that the probability of the onset of an ice age is higher than the advent of a climatic optimum within an interglacial period.