How socially just are taxes on air travel and ‘frequent flyer levies’?
Open Access
- 12 September 2022
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Taylor & Francis Ltd in Journal of Sustainable Tourism
- Vol. 32 (1), 62-84
- https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2022.2115050
Abstract
Policies to reduce air travel demand, including in the tourism sector, are urgently required as air travel’s climate impact keeps growing while low-carbon aviation remains a distant perspective. Policy options include flat rate taxes per flight, taxes on flight miles or emissions, or frequent flyer levies, yet little is known about how their distributional impacts compare. This paper examines the distributional effects of various air travel tax options for the UK, informed by an analysis of the distribution of (frequent) flights and associated emissions over income and other social characteristics. We find that ‘frequent flights’ are even more unequally distributed than all flights and that all taxes on air travel are distributionally neutral or progressive. The most progressive option is a ‘frequent air miles tax’ based on both the number of flights and emissions. At the same time, some social groups like recent migrants are relatively likely to be ‘frequent flyers’ even on lower incomes. Overall however, our results show that taxing air travel is far less regressive than taxing home energy or motor fuels. Taxes on air travel, while often portrayed as unfair in public discourses, therefore raise fewer fairness concerns than other types of carbon taxes.Keywords
Funding Information
- UK Research and Innovation through the Centre for Research into Energy Demand Solutions (EP/R035288/1)
- German Research Foundation (SCHE 1692/10-1)
- Economic and Social Research Council
This publication has 50 references indexed in Scilit:
- Transport poverty and its adverse social consequencesProceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Transport, 2016
- Distributive justice and equity in transportationTransport Reviews, 2016
- Urban transport justiceJournal of Transport Geography, 2016
- Aviation and Climate Change–The Continuing ChallengePublished by Wiley ,2016
- Climate change, tourist air travel and radical emissions reductionJournal of Cleaner Production, 2016
- Living “up in the air”: Meeting the frequent flyer passengerJournal of Air Transport Management, 2014
- From environmental to climate justice: climate change and the discourse of environmental justiceWires Climate Change, 2014
- Who emits most? Associations between socio-economic factors and UK households' home energy, transport, indirect and total CO2 emissionsEcological Economics, 2013
- Transport and social exclusion: Where are we now?Transport Policy, 2012
- How Normal is Travelling Abroad? Differences in Transnational Mobility between Groups of Young SwedesEnvironment and Planning A: Economy and Space, 2009