Relationship between height age, bone age and chronological age in normal children in the context of nutritional and pubertal status

Abstract

Introduction Bone age (BA) is a quantitative determination of skeletal maturation. The role of puberty in variations in BA is poorly understood as hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis maturation and skeletal maturation are regulated in parallel but independently by multiple different factors. In countries like India where there is rapid nutrition transition and increase in prevalence of obesity, their impact on height and BA is not well understood. Objectives To study if in 2–17 year old healthy children, the difference between chronological age (CA), height age (HA) and BA is less than 1 year on either side of the chronological age and to assess relationship of BA with height, weight and BMI with special reference to gender and puberty. Methods This cross-sectional study included 804 preschool/school-going Indian children. Anthropometric measurements and pubertal assessments were performed using standard protocols and were converted to age and sex standardized z-scores using Indian references while BA was estimated by Tanner-Whitehouse (TW3) method. p<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The mean age and gender standardized z-scores for height, weight, body mass index (BMI) and BA were −0.3 ± 0.7, −0.7 ± 0.8, −0.1 ± 1.0, and −0.2 ± 0.9 respectively. HA was more delayed in girls while BA was more delayed in boys. The mean BA z-score increased with increasing BMI. After the onset of puberty, there was higher increment in BA in girls and HA in boys (p<0.05). Conclusions HA, BA and CA were tightly correlated in healthy Indian children with a significant role of nutritional status and puberty in causing variation in the same.