Unravelling the role of membrane pore size in polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) to broaden the polarity range of sampled analytes

Abstract

Polar organic chemical integrative samplers (POCIS) are widely used in their standard configuration for sampling contaminants in water bodies. A wider polyethersulfone (PES) membrane pore size was employed in POCIS exposed in a static calibration experiment to investigate the uptake of 21 emerging contaminants ranging from hydrophilic (perfluoroalkyl compounds, xanthines, an artificial sweetener) to more hydrophobic compounds (pharmaceuticals, oestrogens, UV filters). Compared to standard POCIS with 0.1-µm pore size PES membranes, the POCIS with 5-µm pore size PES membranes did not increase sampling rates for compounds of relatively low and mid-hydrophobicity. However, the uptake of more hydrophobic and anionic compounds, which either poorly diffuse through or are retained within the standard 0.1-µm PES membrane, showed a marked increase. This led to the first ever recorded sampling rates for triclosan (0.249 L day⁻¹) and two UV filters (0.075–0.123 L day⁻¹). Based on these results, more attention should be placed on the choice of the appropriate membrane for each POCIS application. The most suitable configuration depends on the studied compound physico-chemical characteristics—such as the polarity and the compound membrane-to-sorbent partitioning coefficient—but also on the site conditions (deployment time, fouling, flow variations, et.). Graphical abstract