Multi-channel GAN–based calibration-free diffusion-weighted liver imaging with simultaneous coil sensitivity estimation and reconstruction

Abstract

Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with parallel reconstruction may suffer from a mismatch between the coil calibration scan and imaging scan due to motions, especially for abdominal imaging. This study aimed to construct an iterative multi-channel generative adversarial network (iMCGAN)-based framework for simultaneous sensitivity map estimation and calibration-free image reconstruction. The study included 106 healthy volunteers and 10 patients with tumors. The performance of iMCGAN was evaluated in healthy participants and patients and compared with the SAKE, ALOHA-net, and DeepcomplexMRI reconstructions. The peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), structural similarity index measure (SSIM), root mean squared error (RMSE), and histograms of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were calculated for assessing image qualities. The proposed iMCGAN outperformed the other methods in terms of the PSNR (iMCGAN: 41.82 ± 2.14; SAKE: 17.38 ± 1.78; ALOHA-net: 20.43 ± 2.11 and DeepcomplexMRI: 39.78 ± 2.78) for b = 800s/mm2 DWI with an acceleration factor of 4. Besides, the ghosting artifacts in the SENSE due to the mismatch between the DW image and the sensitivity maps were avoided using the iMCGAN model. The current model iteratively refined the sensitivity maps and the reconstructed images without additional acquisitions. Thus, the quality of the reconstructed image was improved, and the aliasing artifact was alleviated when motions occurred during the imaging procedure.