Dynamics of Williamson Hybrid Nanofluid Over an Extending Surface with Non-Linear Convection and Shape Factors

Abstract

Combined effects of the magnetic field, heat source/sink, and homogeneous–heterogeneous chemical reaction on the three-dimensional fluid flow over a stretching sheet have been examined in this paper. For originality and practicality, the influence of non-linear convection on hybridised nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO₂) and silver (Ag) in the non-Newtonian engine oil (EO) are introduced into the governing equations, which are then dimension-free by utilizing appropriate transformations. Williamson fluid model has been employed to determine the rheological features of the considered fluid mixture. MATLAB inbuilt bvp4c solver and Keller box method are proposed for the numerical solution of current fluid theories. Physical elaboration of the graphs is given to recognize the influence on fluid flow and heat transport mechanism in different rising conditions. Based on results, the implication of magnetic field and Williamson parameters restrict the fluid flow for both nanofluid (TiO₂/EO) and hybrid nanofluid (TiO₂ + Ag/EO). Special case studies of the shape factor effect show more enhancement in heat transfer rate for cylindrically shaped nanoparticles 25.8162% followed by brick-shaped 20.3286% and spherical-shaped 17.0583%. This study will provide better insight into applications including aircraft refrigeration, lubrication, plastic processing, engine and generator cooling, and so forth.