Selected Persistent Organic Pollutants in Ambient Air in Turkey: Regional Sources and Controlling Factors
- 21 January 2021
- journal article
- research article
- Published by American Chemical Society (ACS) in Environmental Science & Technology
- Vol. 55 (14), 9434-9443
- https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c06272
Abstract
As a result of its unique location, Turkey receives air masses from Europe, Russia, Middle East, and Africa, making it an important place in terms of long-range atmospheric transport (LRT) of contaminants. Atmospheric levels of 22 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 45 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and 14 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured in two metropolitan cities, Istanbul and Izmir, on a weekly basis from May 2014 to May 2015. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its derivatives were dominant OCP species, followed by isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) at both sites. The annual mean concentration of ∑DDX (sum of o,p′-DDT, p,p′-DDT, o,p′-DDD, p,p′-DDD, o,p′-DDE, and p,p′-DDE) was 82 pg/m3 for Istanbul and 89 pg/m3 for Izmir, while these levels were about 46 pg/m3 for ∑HCHs (sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at both of the sites. At both stations, tri- and tetra-PCBs and tetra- and penta-PBDEs were dominant congeners. The temperature dependence indicates that both LRT and local contaminated areas contribute to the elevated levels. A Lagrangian particle dispersion model (FLEXPART) showed a few potential source regions in northern Africa and Middle East, southern–southwestern and eastern Europe including Russia, as well as from local domestic metropolitan areas.Funding Information
- T?rkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Arastirma Kurumu (112Y314)
This publication has 67 references indexed in Scilit:
- Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in Surface Soils across Five Asian Countries: Levels, Spatial Distribution, and Source ContributionEnvironmental Science & Technology, 2016
- Fractionation and current time trends of PCB congeners: evolvement of distributions 1950–2010 studied using a global atmosphere-ocean general circulation modelAtmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 2012
- Three-Year Atmospheric Monitoring of Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Polar Regions and the South PacificEnvironmental Science & Technology, 2011
- Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in Africa. Part 1: Passive air sampling across the continent in 2008Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 2009
- Towards a global historical emission inventory for selected PCB congeners — A mass balance approach: 3. An updateScience of The Total Environment, 2007
- PCBs in the atmosphere of King George Island, AntarcticaScience of The Total Environment, 2003
- Assessing the Potential of Persistent Organic Chemicals for Long-Range Transport and Accumulation in Polar RegionsEnvironmental Science & Technology, 2003
- An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environmentChemosphere, 2001
- Concentrations and Spatial Variations of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Other Organohalogen Compounds in Great Lakes AirEnvironmental Science & Technology, 2001
- Global usage of selected persistent organochlorinesScience of The Total Environment, 1995