At this stage, the sustainability of human resources in China is becoming more apparent. As vital units of social development, public institutions are facing fierce competitions under the appalling situation of today’s market economy, and the problem of human resource management is increasingly significant. In order to improve their potentiality for sustainable development and enhance their core competitiveness, public institutions must pay attention to human resource management. At present, the human resource management of public institutions, whether from the micro level of employees and managers, or the regional differences at the macro level, all show significant problems, such as the flawed employee management system, the serious phenomenon of difference and mismatch, as well as the lack of professional knowledge among managers. Based on this, this paper takes the coordinated relationship between human resource management and sustainable economic development as a breakthrough and proposes several measures for the problems that exist in the human resource management of public institutions, so as to continuously improve the level of their human resource management as well as promote the sustainable development of public institutions and social economy.