The Interplay Among HIV, LINE-1, and the Interferon Signaling System
Open Access
- 9 September 2021
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Frontiers Media SA in Frontiers in Immunology
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency viruses (HIVs) are retroviruses that replicate effectively in human CD4+ cells and cause the development of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). On the other hand, type 1 long interspersed elements (LINE-1s or L1s) are the only active retroelements that can replicate autonomously in human cells. They, along with other active yet nonautonomous retroelements, have been associated with autoimmune diseases. There are many similarities between HIV and LINE-1. Being derived (or evolved) from ancient retroviruses, both HIV and LINE-1 replicate through a process termed reverse transcription, activate endogenous DNA and RNA sensors, trigger innate immune activation to promote interferon (IFN) expression, and are suppressed by protein products of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, these similarities make it difficult to decipher or even speculate the relationship between HIV and LINE-1, especially regarding the involvement of the IFN signaling system. In this review, we summarize previous findings on the relationships between HIV and innate immune activation as well as between LINE-1 and IFN upregulation. We also attempt to elucidate the interplay among HIV, LINE-1, and the IFN signaling system in hopes of guiding future research directions for viral suppression and immune regulation.This publication has 128 references indexed in Scilit:
- The structural biology of HIV-1: mechanistic and therapeutic insightsNature Reviews Microbiology, 2012
- Vpx relieves inhibition of HIV-1 infection of macrophages mediated by the SAMHD1 proteinNature, 2011
- SAMHD1 is the dendritic- and myeloid-cell-specific HIV-1 restriction factor counteracted by VpxNature, 2011
- A diverse range of gene products are effectors of the type I interferon antiviral responseNature, 2011
- The cytosolic exonuclease TREX1 inhibits the innate immune response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1Nature Immunology, 2010
- Tetherin Inhibits HIV-1 Release by Directly Tethering Virions to CellsCell, 2009
- Trex1 Prevents Cell-Intrinsic Initiation of AutoimmunityCell, 2008
- The Interferon-Induced Protein BST-2 Restricts HIV-1 Release and Is Downregulated from the Cell Surface by the Viral Vpu ProteinCell Host & Microbe, 2008
- Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif proteinNature, 2002
- Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genomeNature, 2001