Pre‐implantation evaluation of a small‐diameter, long vascular graft (Biotube®) for below‐knee bypass surgery in goats

Abstract

There are no small-diameter, long artificial vascular grafts for below-knee bypass surgery in chronic limb-threatening ischemia. We have developed tissue-engineered vascular grafts called "Biotubes (R)" using a completely autologous approach called in-body tissue architecture (iBTA). This study aimed at pre-implantation evaluation of Biotube and its in vivo preparation device, Biotube Maker, for use in below-knee bypass surgery. Forty nine makers were subcutaneously embedded into 17 goats for predetermined periods (1, 2, or 3 months). All makers produced Biotubes as designed without inflammation over all periods, with the exception of a few cases with minor defects (success rate: 94%). Small hole formation occurred in only a few cases. All Biotubes obtained had an inner diameter of 4 mm and a length of 51 to 52 cm with a wall thickness of 594 +/- 97 mu m. All Biotubes did not kink when completely bent under an internal pressure of 100 mmHg and did not leak without any deformation under a water pressure of 200 mmHg. Their burst strength was 2409 +/- 473 mmHg, and suture retention strength was 1.75 +/- 0.27 N, regardless of the embedding period, whereas tensile strength increased from 7.5 +/- 1.3 N at 1 month to 9.7 +/- 2.0 N at 3 months with the embedding period. The amount of water leakage from the needle holes prepared in the Biotube wall was approximately 1/7th of that in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene vascular grafts. The Biotubes could be easily connected to each other without cutting or anastomosis leaks. They could be stored for at least 1 year at room temperature. This study confirmed that even Biotubes formed 1 month after embedding of Biotube Makers had properties comparable to arteries.