Psychiatric sequelae in COVID-19 survivors: A narrative review
Open Access
- 19 October 2021
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Baishideng Publishing Group Inc. in World Journal of Psychiatry
- Vol. 11 (10), 821-829
- https://doi.org/10.5498/wjp.v11.i10.821
Abstract
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was initially reported in Wuhan, China. Previous epidemics including SARS and middle east respiratory syndrome raises concern that COVID-19 infection may pose a significant threat to the mental health of affected individuals. Studies and reviews have shown the acute psychiatric manifestations in COVID-19 patients, although long term psychiatric sequelae are predicted, there are only few review studies about the long term psychiatry outcome in COVID-19 survivors. Clinically significant post-traumatic stress disorder, anxiety, and/or depression among COVID-19 survivors during 14-90 d were observed following the diagnosis. Risk of anxiety or depression were higher in patients with more severe illness at 6 mo follow-up, early convalescence, and at 1 mo follow-up. Diagnosis of COVID-19 Led to more first diagnoses and relapses of psychiatric illness during the first 14-90 d after COVID-19 diagnosis. The possible underlying mechanisms of psychiatric sequelae in COVID-19 infection are neurotropism, immune response to SARS-CoV-2, hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperactivity, disrupted neuronal circuits in several brain regions, increased stress levels, neuroinflammation, and neuronal death. This study will review the psychiatric sequelae in previous coronavirus pandemics, current studies, risk factors, and thorough explanation on patho physiology of the psychiatric sequalae in COVID-19 survivors.Keywords
This publication has 60 references indexed in Scilit:
- The psychoneuroimmunological effects of music: A systematic review and a new modelBrain, Behavior, and Immunity, 2014
- CYTOKINE TARGETS IN THE BRAIN: IMPACT ON NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND NEUROCIRCUITSDepression and Anxiety, 2013
- Excess Mortality, Causes of Death and Life Expectancy in 270,770 Patients with Recent Onset of Mental Disorders in Denmark, Finland and SwedenPLOS ONE, 2013
- Understanding Excess Mortality in Persons With Mental IllnessMedical Care, 2011
- Association of seropositivity for influenza and coronaviruses with history of mood disorders and suicide attemptsJournal of Affective Disorders, 2011
- Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain, fatigue, depression and disordered sleep in chronic post-SARS syndrome; a case-controlled studyBMC Neurology, 2011
- Glucocorticoids, cytokines and brain abnormalities in depressionProgress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 2010
- Mental Morbidities and Chronic Fatigue in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome SurvivorsArchives of Internal Medicine, 2009
- Coronavirus Immunoreactivity in Individuals With a Recent Onset of Psychotic SymptomsSchizophrenia Bulletin, 2009
- On the Interactions of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal (HPA) Axis and Sleep: Normal HPA Axis Activity and Circadian Rhythm, Exemplary Sleep DisordersJournal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 2005