运用大数据推动经济转型升级、完善社会治理、提升政府服务和管理能力已成为当今社会发展的必然趋势。如何分析、挖掘、解读数据，从而让数据说真话，一直是学术界、政界和产业界关注的重要问题。众多经济问题中，居民人均收入分布一直是衡量一个地区发展的重要指标之一。本文通过对浙江省居民人均收入分布研究为例，同时通过使用MATLAB，参考多种分布模型拟合收入分布，对不同分布模型的适用程度进行研究，得到了在不同情况下不同分布的适用范围和拟合优度。同时通过对浙江省居民人均收入分布的相关数据的解读，为政府相关政策的制定提出合理的建议，为较为深入及复杂的人均收入分布问题提供了一些必要的研究基础。 It has become an inevitable trend of social development to use big data to promote economic transformation and upgrading, improve social governance and improve government service and management ability. How to analyze, excavate and interpret data so as to tell the truth is always an important issue in academia, politics and industry. In many economic problems, the distribution of per capita income has always been one of the important indicators to measure the development of a region. This article through the study of residents’ per capita income distribution in Zhejiang province as an example, through the use of MATLAB, refer to a variety of distribution model fitting of income distribution, studied the applicability of different distribution models. The applicability and goodness of fit of different distributions in different cases are obtained. According to Zhejiang province to study the distribution of the per capita income, for further on the more complex economic value per capita income distribution problem research foundation, and also puts forward suggestions on related to study the distribution of the income.