Periodontal treatment outcomes in smokers: A narrative review
Open Access
- 7 October 2021
- journal article
- review article
- Published by E.U. European Publishing in Tobacco Induced Diseases
- Vol. 19 (October), 1-8
- https://doi.org/10.18332/tid/142106
Abstract
Smoking is considered as the major environmental risk factor for periodontal diseases. Smokers have a higher risk for severe periodontitis with more periodontal tissue destruction, more gingival recession, and more susceptibility for tooth loss. The aim of this narrative review is to provide up-to-date evidence on the clinical outcomes of periodontal treatment in smokers. Electronic databases were searched for studies that compare the clinical outcomes in smokers and nonsmokers following non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment modalities and also during the supportive periodontal treatment. Clinical studies published before May 2021 were included in the review. Smokers have a higher risk for recurrence of periodontal disease and the response to non-surgical as well as surgical periodontal treatment is not as good as that of non-smokers. Moreover, there is a dose-response effect in the adverse effects of smoking on periodontal health. Compared to non-smokers, smoker patients with periodontitis tend to respond less favorably to non-surgical and surgical periodontal treatment, and exhibit recurrence more frequently during supportive periodontal treatment. Along with the periodontal treatment, smokers may be encouraged to quit. Long follow-up and the communication between the dentist and the patient give a great opportunity for such counseling.Keywords
This publication has 58 references indexed in Scilit:
- The Role of Smoking and Gingival Crevicular Fluid Markers on Coronally Advanced Flap OutcomesThe Journal of Periodontology, 2014
- Free Gingival Grafts: Graft Shrinkage and Donor‐Site Healing in Smokers and Non‐SmokersThe Journal of Periodontology, 2010
- Periodontal maintenanceAustralian Dental Journal, 2009
- Smoking interferes with the prognosis of dental implant treatment: a systematic review and meta‐analysisJournal of Clinical Periodontology, 2007
- Association between passive and active smoking evaluated by salivary cotinine and periodontitisJournal of Clinical Periodontology, 2005
- Relative Contribution of Patient‐, Tooth‐, and Site‐Associated Variability on the Clinical Outcomes of Subgingival Debridement. I. Probing DepthsThe Journal of Periodontology, 2005
- Supracrestal soft tissue preservation with enamel matrix proteins in treatment of deep intrabony defectsJournal of Clinical Periodontology, 2002
- Cigarette Smoking Negatively Affects Healing Response Following Flap Debridement SurgeryThe Journal of Periodontology, 2001
- Effect of cigarette smoking on periodontal healing following surgical therapyJournal of Clinical Periodontology, 1990
- The effect of plaque control and surgical pocket elimination on the establishment and maintenance of periodontal health. A longitudinal study of periodontal therapy in cases of advanced diseaseJournal of Clinical Periodontology, 1975