Analytical Modeling of Electromagnetic Scattering and HRRP Characteristics from the 3D Sea Surface with a Plunging Breaker
Open Access
- 2 June 2023
- journal article
- research article
- Published by MDPI AG in Remote Sensing
- Vol. 15 (11), 2912
- https://doi.org/10.3390/rs15112912
Abstract
Electromagnetic (EM) scattering of sea surface may exhibit sea-spikespikes when there exist breaking waves. As sea-spikes are usually mistaken for targets, the investigation of EM scattering characteristics and high-range resolution profiles (HRRPs) of three-dimensional (3D) sea surfaces with a plunging breaker is meaningful for target detection and recognition. To describe the basic features of a plunging breaker, this paper developed a feasible and wind-related plunging breaker model. Here, profiles of a plunging breaker in its life cycle are modeled according to the wind speed and time factor, and the small-scale roughness is considered. Then, the sea surface and plunging breaker are combined to obtain the composite model. Additionally, a hybrid algorithm based on the Capillary Wave Modification Facet Scattering Model (CWMFSM) and ray tracing technique is developed to calculate the EM scattering of 3D sea surface with a plunging breaker. Simulation results show that the sea-spike phenomenon is more likely to occur for the upwind and large incident angles. The amplitude of the backscattering electric field from the plunging breaker is much stronger than that of the sea surface. Furthermore, the HRRPs of 3D sea surface with a plunging breaker and target are computed. Sharp peaks from the plunging breaker that exhibit obvious target-like features are observed.This publication has 26 references indexed in Scilit:
- Radar investigations of breaking water waves at low grazing angles with simultaneous high‐speed optical imageryRadio Science, 2003
- Electromagnetic modeling of multipath scattering from breaking water waves with rough facesIEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 2002
- Theoretical model for scattering of radar signals in Ku- and C-bands from a rough sea surface with breaking wavesWaves in Random Media, 2001
- Ray analysis of low-grazing scattering from a breaking water waveIEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 1999
- Low-grazing scattering from breaking water waves using an impedance boundary MM/GTD approachIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1998
- Numerical simulation of low-grazing-angle ocean microwave backscatter and its relation to sea spikesIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1998
- A unified directional spectrum for long and short wind‐driven wavesJournal of Geophysical Research: Oceans, 1997
- Doppler radar measurements of wave groups and breaking wavesPublished by American Geophysical Union (AGU) ,1996
- Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface Part II: Scattering from an actual sea surfaceIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1968
- Very high frequency radiowave scattering by a disturbed sea surface Part I: Scattering from a slightly disturbed boundaryIEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1968