Effects of Environmental Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure and Pro-Inflammatory Activity on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in US Adults
Open Access
- 1 January 2022
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. in Open Journal of Air Pollution
- Vol. 11 (02), 29-46
- https://doi.org/10.4236/ojap.2022.112003
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are formed due to natural and anthropogenic activities and known for their potential impact and persistence in the environment. PAHs exposure has been linked to cause adverse health effect including lung cancer, heart conditions and genetic mutations. The understanding of metabolic effects of PAHs exposure is less clear especially in the presence of pro-inflammatory stress like alcoholism or diabetes. The aim of this article is to understand the metabolic effects of PAHs exposure on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) by analyzing the clinical biomarkers data retrieved from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Center for Disease Control (CDC NHANES) (2015-16). This study has also accessed the interactive impact of PAHs and other proinflammatory factors, like alcohol intake on the metabolic syndrome on T2DM. We investigated urinary levels of hydroxylated PAHs metabolites (OH-PAHs) along with demographic, clinical and laboratory data. Generalize linear model Univariate factorial ANOVA was used to evaluate the group differences in the demographics, PAH exposure, drinking patterns, clinical data, and biomarker levels. Linear regression model was used to analyze the association of biomarkers, PAH exposure and drinking data. Multivariable regression model was used for multi-independent model to assess comorbidity association and their effect sizes on the clinical outcomes. The results indicated that BMI (p = 0.002), and age (≤0.001) are independent demographic risk factors for T2DM in high PAHs exposure. Acute proinflammatory activity characterized by CRP, is augmented by elevated monocyte levels (p ≤ 0.001) and stepwise addition of 1-Hydroxynapthelene (p = 0.005), and 2-Hydroxynapthelene (p = 0.001) independently. Prevalence of highest average drinks over time is observed in the high PAHs exposure; with males drinking almost twice compared to females in highly exposed population. Pathway response of T2DM shows sexual dimorphism; with males showing association with triglycerides (p ≤ 0.001), and females with CRP (p = 0.015) independently with HbA1C. The arrangement of CRP, absolute monocyte levels, serum triglycerides and average drinks over time predict the HbA1C levels (adjusted R2 = 0.226, p ≤ 0.001) in individuals with high PAHs exposure. Findings from this investigation support the pathological role of high exposure of PAHs in the exacerbation of metabolic disorder syndrome involving T2DM. Sexual dimorphism is reflected in alcohol drinking, with males drinking more in the high PAHs exposure group. Alcohol drinking as an independent factor was associated with the T2DM indicator, HbA1C in individuals with high PAHs exposure.Keywords
This publication has 42 references indexed in Scilit:
- Reduced cytochrome P4501A activity and recovery from oxidative stress during subchronic benzo[a]pyrene and benzo[e]pyrene treatment of rainbow troutToxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 2011
- Effects of meat preheating and wrapping on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in charcoal-grilled meatFood Chemistry, 2011
- Metabolic Syndrome and Incident DiabetesDiabetes Care, 2008
- Clinical Implications of Nonopioid Analgesia for Relief of Mild-to-Moderate Pain in Patients with or at Risk for Cardiovascular DiseaseThe American Journal of Cardiology, 2006
- The Metabolic Syndrome: Inflammation, Diabetes Mellitus, and Cardiovascular DiseaseThe American Journal of Cardiology, 2006
- Benzo[a]pyrene, but Not 2,3,7,8-TCDD, Induces G2/M Cell Cycle Arrest, p21CIP1 and p53 Phosphorylation in Human Choriocarcinoma JEG-3 Cells: A Distinct Signaling PathwayPlacenta, 2005
- Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons present in cigarette smoke cause endothelial cell apoptosis by a phospholipase A2dependent mechanismThe FASEB Journal, 2002
- Atsdr Evaluation of Health Effects of Chemicals. Iv. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs): Understanding a Complex ProblemToxicology and Industrial Health, 1996
- Arteriosclerotic plaque development is ‘promoted’ by polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbonsCarcinogenesis: Integrative Cancer Research, 1988