Characteristics of colistin-resistant Escherichia coli from pig farms in Central China

Abstract

The emergence and dissemination of colistin resistance in Enterobacteriaceae mediated by plasmid-borne mcr genes in recent years now pose a threat to public health. In this study, we isolated and characterized colistin-resistant and/or mcr-positive E. coli from pig farms in Central China. Between 2018 and 2019, 594 samples were collected and recovered 445 E. coli isolates. Among them, 33 with colistin resistance phenotypes and 37 that were positive for mcr genes were identified, including 34 positive for mcr-1, one positive for mcr-3, and two positive for both mcr-1 and mcr-3. An insertion of nine bases (“CTGGATACG”) into mcr-1 in four mcr-positive isolates led to gene dysfunction, and therefore did not confer the colistin resistance phenotype. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that 37 mcr-positive isolates showed severe drug resistance profiles, as 50% of them were resistant to 20 types of antibiotics. Multilocus sequence typing revealed a heterogeneous group of sequence types in mcr-positive isolates, among which ST10 (5/37), ST156 (5/37), and ST617 (4/37) were the predominant types. Plasmid conjugation assays showed that mcr-carrying plasmids of 25 mcr-positive isolates were conjugated with E. coli recipient, with conjugation frequencies ranging from 1.7 × 10^-6 to 4.1 × 10^-3 per recipient. Conjugation of these mcr genes conferred a colistin resistance phenotype upon the recipient bacterium. PCR typing of plasmids harbored in the 25 transconjugants determined six types of plasmid replicons, including IncX4 (14/25), FrepB (4/25), IncI2 (3/25), IncHI2 (2/25), FIB (1/25), and IncI1 (1/25). This study contributes to the current understanding of antibiotic resistance and molecular characteristics of colistin-resistant E. coli in pig farms.