Considering the question of the reaction of the value complexes of the modern Russian legal consciousness to the challenges and threats that modern Russian society has already encountered or will face in the foreseeable and not too distant future, the author starts from Arnold Toynbee's Challenges and Answers theory. Further, analyzing the Russian legal conscience itself, he is concluded that its structure can be objectively distinguished as the traditional (pre-revolutionary) component, Soviet and post-Soviet components too. They correspond to specific value complexes. With their domination in the minds of an individual, group or stratum, they determine their perception of major legal phenomena, the assessment of socio-legal processes and, naturally, one or another type of lawful or illegal behavior. Based on this, it is they who, obviously, will determine the social and legal perception of the challenges and threats that modern Russian society will have to face in the near future, and, naturally, the reaction to them. The article can be used to improve the state social and legal policy of the Russian Federation. Also, the materials presented can provide the interest of students, graduate students, teachers, researchers and other people who are interested in the current social, political and legal development of Russia.