Both Dietary Ratio of n–6 to n–3 Fatty Acids and Total Dietary Lipid Are Positively Associated with Adiposity and Reproductive Health in Zebrafish
Open Access
- 19 March 2020
- journal article
- research article
- Published by Elsevier BV in Current Developments in Nutrition
- Vol. 4 (4), nzaa034
- https://doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa034
Abstract
Controversial findings have been reported in human and animal studies regarding the influence of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios on obesity and health. Two confounding factors may be related to interactions with other dietary lipid components or sex-specific differences in fatty acid metabolism. This study investigated main and interactive effects of total dietary lipid, ratio of n-6/n-3 fatty acids, and sex on growth, adiposity, and reproductive health in wild-type zebrafish. Male and female zebrafish (3-wk old) were fed nine diets consisting of three ratios of n-6/n-3 fatty acids (1.4/1, 5/1, and 9.5/1) varied within three total lipid levels (80, 110, and 140 g/kg) for 16-wk. Data was then collected on growth, body composition (determined by chemical carcass analysis), and female reproductive success (n = 32 breeding events/diet over 4-wk). Main and interactive effects of dietary lipid and sex were evaluated with regression methods. Significant differences within each dietary lipid component were relative to the intercept/reference group (80 g/kg and 1.4/1 ratio). Dietary lipid and sex interacted in their effects on body weight (P = 0.015), total body length (P = 0.003), and total lipid mass (P = 0.029); thus, these analyses were stratified by sex. Female spawning success decreased as dietary total lipid and fatty acid ratio increased (P = 0.030 and P = 0.026, respectively). While total egg production was not associated with either dietary lipid component, females fed the 5/1 ratio produced higher proportions of viable embryos compared to the 1.4/1 ratio (median (95% CI) = 0.915 (0.863, 0.956) vs. 0.819 (0.716, 0.876), P < 0.001). Further characterization of dietary lipid requirements will help define healthy balances of dietary lipid, while the sex-specific responses to dietary lipid identified in this study may partially explain sex disparities in the development of obesity and its co-morbidities.Keywords
Funding Information
- American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine Foundation (2011905, P30DK056336)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32HL105349, T32HL072757)
- NIH (T32HL105349, T32HL072757)
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