Polyolefins Formed by Chain Walking Catalysis—A Matter of Branching Density Only?

Abstract

Recently developed chain walking (CW) catalysis is an elegant approach to produce materials with controllable structure and properties. However, there is still a lack in understanding, how the reaction mechanism influences the macromolecular structures. In this study, series of dendritic polyethylenes (PE) synthesized by Pd- α –diimine-complex through CW catalysis (CWPE) is investigated by means of theory and experiment. Thereby, the exceptional ability of in-situ tailoring polymer structure by varying synthesis parameters was exploited to tune the branching architecture which allowed to establish a precise relationship between synthesis, structure, and solution properties. The systematically produced polymers were characterized by state-of-the-art multidetector separation, neutron scattering experiments as well as atomic force microscopy to access molecular properties of CWPE. On a global scale, the CWPE appear in a worm-like conformation independently on the synthesis conditions. However, severe differences in their contraction factors suggested that CWPE differ substantially in topology. These observations were verified by NMR studies that showed that CWPE possess constant total number of branches but varying branching distribution. SANS experiments gave access to structural characteristics from global to segmental scale and revealed the unique heterogeneity of CWPE which is predominantly based on differences in their dendritic side chains. The experimental data were compared to theoretical CW structures modeled with different reaction-to-walking probabilities. Simple theoretical arguments predict a crossover from dendritic to linear topologies yielding a structural range from purely linear to dendritic chain growth. Yet, comparison of theoretical and empirical scattering curves gave first evidence that actually a transition state to worm-like topologies is experimentally accessible. This cross-over regime is characterized by linear global features and dendritic local sub-structures contrary to randomly hyperbranched systems. Instead, the obtained CWPE systems have characteristics of disordered dendritic bottle brushes and can be adjusted by the walking rate/reaction probability of the catalyst.