The residential environments of West German inner cities pose severe, if highly localised, problems of urban living. The residual features from the formative age, and the sizeable quantity of infilling of buildings that continued during the interwar period, still survive as common ingredients of West German inner-city environments. Indeed, in some cities they still dominate the townscape of entire districts, as for example in Berlin-Kreuzberg, Nuremberg-Sudstadt, Stuttgart-West and Elberfeld-Nordstadt. During the industrial revolution the prime commercial functions of German cities, while expanding all the time, continued to be almost wholly concentrated within the confines of the Altstadte. West German approaches towards bettering the amenities and infrastructure for 'quality of life' in inner cities, since postwar reconstruction, have not sought to emulate the drastic strategy of large-scale redevelopment so popular in British planning during the 1960s and early 1970s.