Supramolecular Strategies for the Recycling of Homogeneous Catalysts
Open Access
- 4 October 2021
- journal article
- review article
- Published by Wiley in Chemistry – An Asian Journal
- Vol. 16 (23), 3851-3863
- https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.202100968
Abstract
Supramolecular approaches are increasingly used in the development of homogeneous catalysts and it also provides interesting new tools for the recycling of metal based catalysts. Various non-covalent interactions have been utilized for the immobilization homogeneous catalysts on soluble and insoluble support. By non-covalent anchoring the supported catalysts obtained can be recovered via (nano-) filtration or such catalytic materials can be used in continuous flow reactors. Specific benefits from the reversibility of catalyst immobilization by non-covalent interactions include the possibility to re-functionalize the support material and the use as “boomerang” type catalyst systems in which the catalyst is captured after a homogeneous reaction. In addition, new reactor design with implemented recycling strategies becomes possible, such as a reverse-flow adsorption reactor (RFA) that combines a homogeneous reactor with selective catalyst adsorption/desorpion. Next to these non-covalent immobilization strategies, supramolecular chemistry can also be used to generate the support, for example by generation of self-assembled gels with catalytic function. Although the stability is a challenging issue, some self-assembled gel materials have been successfully utilized as reusable heterogeneous catalysts. In addition, catalytically active coordination cages, which are frequently used to achieve specific activity or selectivity, can be bound to support by ionic interactions or can be prepared in structured solid materials. These new heterogenized cage materials also have been used successfully as recyclable catalysts.Keywords
This publication has 108 references indexed in Scilit:
- A Liquid–Liquid Biphasic Homogeneous Organocatalytic Aldol Protocol Based on the Use of a Silica Gel Bound Multilayered Ionic Liquid PhaseChemCatChem, 2012
- Making expensive dirhodium(ii) catalysts cheaper: Rh(ii) recycling methodsOrganic & Biomolecular Chemistry, 2012
- Fluorous Oxime Palladacycle: A Precatalyst for Carbon–Carbon Coupling Reactions in Aqueous and Organic MediumThe Journal of Organic Chemistry, 2012
- Development of a fluorous, oxime-based palladacycle for microwave-promoted carbon–carbon coupling reactions in aqueous mediaGreen Chemistry, 2012
- Molecular hydrogel-immobilized enzymes exhibit superactivity and high stability in organic solventsChemical Communications, 2007
- Diels-Alder in Aqueous Molecular Hosts: Unusual Regioselectivity and Efficient CatalysisScience, 2006
- New, efficient, heterogenized catalysts for asymmetric hydrogenation of dehydroamino acid derivativesCatalysis Letters, 2005
- Noncovalent Anchoring of Homogeneous Catalysts to Silica Supports with Well-Defined Binding SitesJournal of the American Chemical Society, 2004
- Anchored homogeneous catalysts: high turnover number applicationsJournal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical, 2004
- Homogeneous Catalysis--New Approaches to Catalyst Separation, Recovery, and RecyclingScience, 2003