Necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of invariant algebraic curves

Abstract

We present a set of conditions enabling a polynomial system of ordinary differential equations in the plane to have invariant algebraic curves. These conditions are necessary and sufficient. Our main tools include factorizations over the field of Puiseux series near infinity of bivariate polynomials generating invariant algebraic curves. The set of conditions can be algorithmically verified. This fact gives rise to a method, which is able not only to find some irreducible invariant algebraic curves, but also to perform their classification. We study in details the problem of classifying invariant algebraic curves in the most difficult case: we consider differential systems with infinite number of trajectories passing through infinity. As an example, we find necessary and sufficient conditions such that a general polynomial Lienard differential system has invariant algebraic curves. We present a set of all irreducible invariant algebraic curves for quintic Lienard differential systems with a linear damping function. It is supposed in scientific literature that the degrees of their irreducible invariant algebraic curves are bounded by 6. While we derive irreducible invariant algebraic curves of degree 9.