Studies show that journalism startups tend to put little emphasis on technology, often farming the work out to contractors. That may be a good thing because it discourages them from jumping on every new tech development when many don’t live up to their promise. But founders and staff need to have some knowledge of newsroom tech, in particular content management systems (CMSs), apps, podcasting and livestreaming. Other areas where technical knowledge is needed are security for operations and communications and tools for internal organisation. Machine learning is becoming more common for automatable functions such as recommendations, tagging, payment and so on, but journalists are reluctant to use it for newsgathering except in areas such as data journalism. Blockchain has shown promise but no outlet using it has yet succeeded. While many digital news founders are veteran journalists, some come from a business background or have no relevant experience. For those who need them, journalism skills can be learned at college, including by distance learning, and through the many short courses available from international companies, NGOs and so on. However, it isn’t easy to learn business skills through formal means while running an outlet, though some funders help out with training.